---
title: crayfish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crayfish» in the school dictionary: A small freshwater animal like a tiny lobster, with claws, a hard shell and ten legs, living in rivers, streams and lakes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crayfish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** small freshwater animal, We, crayfish, clawed crayfish, people, Herons · **What happens:** live, use, call, eat, find, hide · **To what, where:** rivers, name, NZ, animals, crayfish, stone · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crayfish» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crayfish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crayfish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small freshwater animal like a tiny lobster, with claws, a hard shell and ten legs, living in rivers, streams and lakes.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:m1:1
# text = A small freshwater animal like a tiny lobster, with claws, a hard shell and ten legs, living in rivers, streams and lakes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	freshwater	freshwater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lobster	lobster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	living	live	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
24	streams	stream	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | gerund | a small freshwater animal like a tiny lobster and claws and a hard shell and ten legs *not said here* |  |  | rivers and streams and lakes |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in river=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, Australia, NZ — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A name also used for the spiny lobster (rock lobster), a sea animal without big claws; in NZ it is also called «crayfish» or «koura».

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:m2:1
# text = A name also used for the spiny lobster (rock lobster), a sea animal without big claws; in NZ it is also called «crayfish» or «koura».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	spiny	spiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	lobster	lobster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	lobster	lobster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
17	without	without	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	NZ	NZ	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
23	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj:pass	_	_
24	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	26	aux:pass	_	_
25	also	also	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
27	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	_
30	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
31	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	koura	koura	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	28	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	26	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  | a name *not said here* |  |  |  | for the spiny lobster and a sea animal without big claws | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | a name |  | NZ |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The meat of these animals eaten as food: «crayfish sandwich».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:m3:1
# text = The meat of these animals eaten as food: «crayfish sandwich».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	meat	meat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	eaten	eat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	sandwich	sandwich	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | participle |  | this animals *not said here* |  |  |  | as food | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found a crayfish hiding under a stone in the stream.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x1:1
# text = We found a crayfish hiding under a stone in the stream.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	hiding	hide	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	stream	stream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We | a crayfish |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crayfish=Topic |
| 2 | **hide** | gerund | a crayfish *not said here* |  |  | a stone |  | in the stream | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under stone=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crayfish have ten legs and two big claws.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x2:1
# text = Crayfish have ten legs and two big claws.
1	Crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	claws	claw	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Crayfish | ten legs and two big claws |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The white-clawed crayfish is the UK's only native crayfish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x3:1
# text = The white-clawed crayfish is the UK's only native crayfish.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	clawed	claw	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	only	only	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
11	native	native	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **claw** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | the clawed crayfish | native crayfish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Louisiana, people call them crawfish and boil them with corn.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x4:1
# text = In Louisiana, people call them crawfish and boil them with corn.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Louisiana	Louisiana	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	crawfish	crawfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	xcomp	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	boil	boil	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
10	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	obj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	corn	corn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | people | them *= they* |  | Louisiana |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |
| 2 | **boil** | present | people *not said here* | people |  |  |  | with corn | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent they=Patient with corn=Instrument |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In New Zealand, we ate crayfish caught off the coast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x5:1
# text = In New Zealand, we ate crayfish caught off the coast.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
3	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	coast	coast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | we | crayfish |  | New Zealand |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crayfish=Patient |
| 2 | **catch** | participle |  | crayfish *not said here* |  |  |  | off the coast | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crayfish shed their hard shells as they grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x6:1
# text = Crayfish shed their hard shells as they grow.
1	Crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shed	shed	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shed** | past | Crayfish | Crayfish's hard shells |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location shell=Source |
| 2 | **grow** | present | Crayfish |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Herons eat crayfish from the river.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x7:1
# text = Herons eat crayfish from the river.
1	Herons	heron	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | Herons | crayfish |  | the river |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crayfish=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thus the Old Ritualists will not eat the crayfish (rak), holding that it was created by the Devil.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crayfish:x8:1
# text = Thus the Old Ritualists will not eat the crayfish (rak), holding that it was created by the Devil.
1	Thus	thus	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	Ritualists	ritualist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	crayfish	crayfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	rak	rak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	holding	hold	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
15	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	created	create	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	ccomp	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	Devil	Devil	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **eat** | future | the Old Ritualists | the crayfish |  |  |  | thus *property* | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crayfish=Patient |
| 2 | **hold** | gerund | the Old Ritualists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **create** | past · passive | the Devil | crayfish |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Result |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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