---
title: crier — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crier» in the school dictionary: A town crier: in olden times, a person who walked through the streets ringing a bell and shouting out news and announcements, often starting «Oyez! Oyez!» Some towns still have one for ceremonies. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crier

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, streets, towns, baby, officer, town crier · **What happens:** walk, ring, shout out, start, have, cry · **To what, where:** streets, bell, news, Oyez, one, lot · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crier» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crier in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crier.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A town crier: in olden times, a person who walked through the streets ringing a bell and shouting out news and announcements, often starting «Oyez! Oyez!» Some towns still have one for ceremonies.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* A town crier: in olden times, a person who walked through the streets ringing a bell and shouting out news and announcements, often starting «Oyez!

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:m1:1
# text = A town crier: in olden times, a person who walked through the streets ringing a bell and shouting out news and announcements, often starting «Oyez!
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	olden	olden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	through	through	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	streets	street	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
16	ringing	ring	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	bell	bell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	shouting	shout	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	conj	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	RP	_	20	compound:prt	_	_
22	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	announcements	announcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	often	often	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	starting	start	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	16	conj	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	Oyez	Oyez	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | past | a person |  |  | the streets |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through street=Trajectory |
| 2 | **ring** | gerund | the streets *not said here* | a bell |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bell=Theme |
| 3 | **shout out** *speech: express* | gerund | the streets *not said here* | news and announcements |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent news=Topic |
| 4 | **start** | gerund | the streets *not said here* | Oyez |  |  |  | often *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Oyez!»

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:m1:2
# text = Oyez!»
1	Oyez	Oyez	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 3:* Some towns still have one for ceremonies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:m1:3
# text = Some towns still have one for ceremonies.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	towns	town	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	ceremonies	ceremony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some towns | one |  |  | still | for ceremonies | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Patient |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person, especially a baby or child, who cries a lot: «The baby is a real crier».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:m2:1
# text = A person, especially a baby or child, who cries a lot: «The baby is a real crier».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	cries	cry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	21	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cry** *speech: express* | present | a person and a baby or child | a lot |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Topic |
| 2 | **is a** *in a quote* | present | the baby | a real crier |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law, old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An officer in a law court who makes announcements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:m3:1
# text = An officer in a law court who makes announcements.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	officer	officer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	announcements	announcement	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | a officer | announcements |  | a law court |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset announcement=Product |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town crier rang his bell and shouted the news.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x1:1
# text = The town crier rang his bell and shouted the news.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	rang	ring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	bell	bell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ring** | past | the town crier | crier's bell |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location bell=Theme |
| 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | the town crier *not said here* | the news |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent news=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the Middle Ages, most people learned the news from the town crier.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x2:1
# text = In the Middle Ages, most people learned the news from the town crier.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
4	Ages	Age	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	7	amod	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | most people | the news |  |  | in the Middle Ages | from the town crier | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent news=Topic from crier=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our town crier wears a red coat and a three-cornered hat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x3:1
# text = Our town crier wears a red coat and a three-cornered hat.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	wears	wear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
10	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	12	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	cornered	corner	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	amod	_	_
13	hat	hat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | present | Our town crier | a red coat and a cornered hat |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent coat=Theme |
| 2 | **corner** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Oyez! Oyez!» called the crier.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* «Oyez!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x4:1
# text = «Oyez!
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Oyez	Oyez	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Oyez!» called the crier.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x4:2
# text = Oyez!» called the crier.
1	Oyez	Oyez	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	1	punct	_	_
4	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** *in a quote* | participle · passive |  | Oyez |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My baby cousin is a real crier at bedtime.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x5:1
# text = My baby cousin is a real crier at bedtime.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	baby	baby	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	real	real	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	bedtime	bedtime	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My baby cousin | a real crier |  | bedtime |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'm a bit of a crier at sad films.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x6:1
# text = I'm a bit of a crier at sad films.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	films	film	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | I | a bit |  |  |  | of a crier at sad films | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town crier announced the birth of the prince.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x7:1
# text = The town crier announced the birth of the prince.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	announced	announce	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	birth	birth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **announce** *speech: other* | past | the town crier | the birth of the prince |  |  |  |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent birth=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Prince Ali accepted the merchant’s obliging offer, and presently afterward the crier passed by.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crier:x8:1
# text = Prince Ali accepted the merchant’s obliging offer, and presently afterward the crier passed by.
1	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Ali	Ali	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	accepted	accept	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	merchant	merchant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	’s	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	obliging	oblige	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	amod	_	_
8	offer	offer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
11	presently	presently	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	afterward	afterward	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	crier	crier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
15	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl	_	_
16	by	by	ADP	IN	_	15	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accept** | past | Prince | the merchant's obliging offer |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent offer=Theme |
| 2 | **oblige** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **pass by** | participle |  | the crier *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **offer** |  | the merchant |  |  |  |  |  | nom offer «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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