---
title: crossing — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crossing» in the school dictionary: A crossing is a place where you can go across a road, a river or a railway safely, like a pedestrian crossing or a level crossing. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crossing

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** crossing, you, boat, ferry, Always, crossing guard · **What happens:** be, go, cross, mean, make, carry · **To what, where:** place, road, trip, water, verb, 4 crossings · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crossing» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crossing in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crossing.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crossing is a place where you can go across a road, a river or a railway safely, like a pedestrian crossing or a level crossing.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:m1:1
# text = A crossing is a place where you can go across a road, a river or a railway safely, like a pedestrian crossing or a level crossing.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	9	advmod	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	_
10	across	across	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	railway	railway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	_
19	safely	safely	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
21	like	like	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	pedestrian	pedestrian	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
25	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	compound	_	_
28	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crossing | a place |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | can | you |  |  | a road |  | like a pedestrian crossing or a level crossing; safely *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme across road=Initial\_Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crossing is a trip across water, like a ferry crossing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:m2:1
# text = A crossing is a trip across water, like a ferry crossing.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	ferry	ferry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crossing | a trip and a ferry crossing |  | water |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crossing (verb) means going across: «crossing the road».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:m3:1
# text = Crossing (verb) means going across: «crossing the road».
1	Crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	verb	verb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
7	across	across	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	parataxis	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | gerund |  | verb |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent verb=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Crossing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **go** *not said to happen* | gerund | Crossing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | across *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **cross** *in a quote* | gerund |  | the road |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent road=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The boat makes 4 crossings a day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x1:1
# text = The boat makes 4 crossings a day.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boat	boat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	crossings	crossing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the boat | 4 crossings |  |  | day |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material crossing=Product |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ferry carries 30 people each crossing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x2:1
# text = The ferry carries 30 people each crossing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ferry	ferry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	7	det	_	_
7	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | the ferry |  | 30 people |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP NP»: agent=Theme people=Beneficiary crossing=Value |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Walk to the crossing, then turn left.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x3:1
# text = Walk to the crossing, then turn left.
1	Walk	walk	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	_
7	turn	turn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
8	left	left	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the crossing *result* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.result»: agent=Theme to crossing=Result |
| 2 | **turn** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  | then | left *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many crossings to move 100 people?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x4:1
# text = How many crossings to move 100 people?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	crossings	crossing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
6	100	100	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | to-infinitive |  | 100 people |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V ADJ.result»: agent=Theme people=Result |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always use the zebra crossing near the school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x5:1
# text = Always use the zebra crossing near the school.
1	Always	alway	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	zebra	zebra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Always | the zebra crossing |  | the school |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crossing=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wait for the green man at the crossing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x6:1
# text = Wait for the green man at the crossing.
1	Wait	wait	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
2	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wait** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the crossing |  | for the green man | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at crossing=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crossing guard held up her stop sign.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x7:1
# text = The crossing guard held up her stop sign.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	crossing	crossing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	guard	guard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	stop	stop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold up** | participle | the crossing guard | guard's stop sign |  |  |  |  | vn support-15.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot sign=Theme |
| 2 | **sign** |  | guard |  |  |  |  |  | nom sign «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ferry crossing to the island takes an hour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x8:1
# text = The ferry crossing to the island takes an hour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ferry	ferry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	takes	take	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | gerund | the ferry *not said here* |  |  | the island |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to island=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **take** | present | the ferry |  |  |  | hour |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They were crossing a very rough, snowy field when Jane first noticed the animals.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crossing:x9:1
# text = They were crossing a very rough, snowy field when Jane first noticed the animals.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	crossing	cross	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
8	snowy	snowy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
10	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
11	Jane	Jane	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
12	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	13	advmod	_	_
13	noticed	notice	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past · progressive | They | a rough snowy field |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent field=Patient |
| 2 | **notice** | past | Jane | the animals |  |  |  | first *property* | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer animal=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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