---
title: crucifixion — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crucifixion» in the school dictionary: The Crucifixion is the death of Jesus on a cross, which Christians remember on Good Friday. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crucifixion

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Crucifixion, Christians, cruel way, painting, Gospels, Romans · **What happens:** be, remember, kill, fix, use, show · **To what, where:** death, cross, cruel way, someone, them, Jesus · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crucifixion» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crucifixion in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crucifixion.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Bible, church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Crucifixion is the death of Jesus on a cross, which Christians remember on Good Friday.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:m1:1
# text = The Crucifixion is the death of Jesus on a cross, which Christians remember on Good Friday.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Crucifixion	crucifixion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cross	cross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obj	_	_
13	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	14	nsubj	_	_
14	remember	remember	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
15	on	on	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	Good	Good	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	flat	_	_
17	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Crucifixion | the death |  | a cross |  | of Jesus | tree rules |
| 2 | **remember** | present | Christians | a cross |  |  | friday |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent which=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crucifixion is a cruel way of killing someone by fixing them to a cross, used by the Romans long ago.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:m2:1
# text = A crucifixion is a cruel way of killing someone by fixing them to a cross, used by the Romans long ago.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crucifixion	crucifixion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	cruel	cruel	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	killing	kill	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	_
10	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	fixing	fix	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	advcl	_	_
12	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	cross	cross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	acl	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	17	obl:agent	_	_
21	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	22	advmod	_	_
22	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crucifixion | a cruel way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **kill** | gerund | a cruel way *not said here* | someone |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 3 | **fix** | gerund | a cruel way *not said here* | them *= they* |  |  |  | to a cross | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP PP»: agent=Agent they=Patient to cross=Co-Patient |
| 4 | **use** | participle |  | a cruel way *not said here* |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A painting or statue showing Jesus on the cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:m3:1
# text = A painting or statue showing Jesus on the cross.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	statue	statue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	showing	show	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
6	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cross	cross	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | gerund | a painting or statue *not said here* |  | Jesus | the cross |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent jesus=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On Good Friday Christians remember the Crucifixion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x1:1
# text = On Good Friday Christians remember the Crucifixion.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	Good	Good	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	flat	_	_
3	Friday	Friday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	remember	remember	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Crucifixion	Crucifixion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remember** | present | Christians | the Crucifixion |  |  | friday |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent crucifixion=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Gospels tell the story of the Crucifixion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x2:1
# text = The Gospels tell the story of the Crucifixion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Gospels	Gospel	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	tell	tell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Crucifixion	Crucifixion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | the Gospels | the story of the Crucifixion |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent story=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Romans used crucifixion to punish slaves and rebels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x3:1
# text = The Romans used crucifixion to punish slaves and rebels.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	crucifixion	crucifixion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	punish	punish	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	slaves	slave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	rebels	rebel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the Romans | crucifixion |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crucifixion=Patient |
| 2 | **punish** | to-infinitive | the Romans *not said here* | slaves and rebels |  |  |  |  | vn prosecute-33.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent slave=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum has a famous painting of the Crucifixion.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x4:1
# text = The museum has a famous painting of the Crucifixion.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Crucifixion	Crucifixion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the museum | a famous painting of the Crucifixion |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent painting=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
After the Crucifixion, Jesus was buried in a tomb.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x5:1
# text = After the Crucifixion, Jesus was buried in a tomb.
1	After	after	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	Crucifixion	Crucifixion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	Jesus	Jesus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	buried	bury	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	tomb	tomb	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bury** | past · passive |  | Jesus |  | a tomb | after the Crucifixion |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in tomb=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Christians believe the Crucifixion shows how much God loves people.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x6:1
# text = Christians believe the Crucifixion shows how much God loves people.
1	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	Crucifixion	Crucifixion	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
7	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	God	God	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	loves	love	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | Christians |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **show** | present | the Crucifixion |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **love** | present | much God | people |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer people=Stimulus |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We read about the Crucifixion in our Easter assembly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x7:1
# text = We read about the Crucifixion in our Easter assembly.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	about	about	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Crucifixion	crucifixion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	Easter	Easter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	assembly	assembly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | We |  |  | our Easter assembly |  | about the Crucifixion | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about crucifixion=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In other parts of Russia, tradition tells that before the crucifixion the swallows carried off the nails provided for the use of the executioners, but the sparrows brought them back.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crucifixion:x8:1
# text = In other parts of Russia, tradition tells that before the crucifixion the swallows carried off the nails provided for the use of the executioners, but the sparrows brought them back.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Russia	Russia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
7	tradition	tradition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	tells	tell	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	obj	_	_
10	before	before	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	crucifixion	crucifixion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
15	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	ccomp	_	_
16	off	off	ADP	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	nails	nail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	provided	provide	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	advcl	_	_
20	for	for	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	of	of	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	executioners	executioner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
27	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	sparrows	sparrow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	30	nsubj	_	_
30	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	15	conj	_	_
31	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	30	obj	_	_
32	back	back	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present | tradition |  |  | other parts of Russia |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **carry off** | past | the swallows | that |  |  | before the crucifixion |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |
| 3 | **provide** | past | the nails |  |  |  |  | for the use of the executioners | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-2 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent for use=Recipient |
| 4 | **bring back** | past | the sparrows | nails *= nail* |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 5 | **use** |  |  | the executioners |  |  |  |  | nom use «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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