---
title: crupper — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crupper» in the school dictionary: A crupper is a strap on a horse's harness that runs under its tail to stop the saddle sliding forward. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crupper

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** crupper, harness, saddle, you · **What happens:** be, run, stop, slide, say, tighten · **To what, where:** strap, harness, tail, saddle, troop horse, crupper · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crupper» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crupper in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crupper.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crupper is a strap on a horse's harness that runs under its tail to stop the saddle sliding forward.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crupper:m1:1
# text = A crupper is a strap on a horse's harness that runs under its tail to stop the saddle sliding forward.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crupper	crupper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	strap	strap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	harness	harness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
12	runs	run	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	_
13	under	under	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	advcl	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	saddle	saddle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	sliding	slide	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	19	acl	_	_
21	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a crupper | a strap |  | a horse's harness |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run** | present | a horse's harness |  |  | crupper's tail |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under tail=Trajectory |
| 3 | **stop** | to-infinitive | a horse's harness *not said here* | the saddle |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality saddle=Eventuality |
| 4 | **slide** | gerund | the saddle *not said here* |  |  |  |  | forward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Oh, my crupper and breastplate!» said the troop-horse.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crupper:x1:1
# text = «Oh, my crupper and breastplate!» said the troop-horse.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	crupper	crupper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	breastplate	breastplate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	troop	troop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | my crupper and breastplate | the troop horse |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent horse=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tighten the crupper before you ride.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crupper:x2:1
# text = Tighten the crupper before you ride.
1	Tighten	tighten	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	crupper	crupper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	ride	ride	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tighten** | imperative | you *not said here* | the crupper |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent crupper=Patient |
| 2 | **ride** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crupper rubbed the horse's tail.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crupper:x3:1
# text = The crupper rubbed the horse's tail.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crupper	crupper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rubbed	rub	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | past | the crupper | the horse's tail |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent tail=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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