---
title: crust — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crust» in the school dictionary: The hard outer part of a loaf or slice of bread. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crust

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, pizza, pie crust, crust, Earthquakes, parts · **What happens:** slice, freeze, dry, not like, have, be · **To what, where:** bread, crusts, sandwiches, thin crispy crust, oceans, ice · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crust» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crust in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crust.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The hard outer part of a loaf or slice of bread.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:m1:1
# text = The hard outer part of a loaf or slice of bread.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	loaf	loaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	slice	slice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slice** |  |  | bread |  |  |  |  | nom slice «possession transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pastry base or top of a pie or pizza.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:m2:1
# text = The pastry base or top of a pie or pizza.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	pastry	pastry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	base	base	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	pie	pie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A hard layer on top of something soft, like frozen snow or dried mud.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:m3:1
# text = A hard layer on top of something soft, like frozen snow or dried mud.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	nmod	_	_
8	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	frozen	freeze	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	amod	_	_
12	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
15	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **dry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The thin, rocky outer layer of the Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:m4:1
# text = The thin, rocky outer layer of the Earth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I don't like the crusts on my sandwiches.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x1:1
# text = I don't like the crusts on my sandwiches.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	crusts	crust	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	sandwiches	sandwich	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **like** | present · do-support | I | the crusts |  | my sandwiches |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot crust=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This pizza has a thin, crispy crust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x2:1
# text = This pizza has a thin, crispy crust.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	crispy	crispy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | this pizza | a thin crispy crust |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crust=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The pie crust was golden brown.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x3:1
# text = The pie crust was golden brown.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	pie	pie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	golden	golden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the pie crust |  |  |  |  | brown *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Earth's crust is thinner under the oceans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x4:1
# text = The Earth's crust is thinner under the oceans.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	thinner	thin	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
7	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	oceans	ocean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the Earth's crust |  |  | the oceans |  | thin *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crust of ice formed on the puddle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x5:1
# text = A crust of ice formed on the puddle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	formed	form	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	puddle	puddle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | participle |  | ice *not said here* |  | the puddle |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on puddle=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Earthquakes happen when parts of the crust move.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x6:1
# text = Earthquakes happen when parts of the crust move.
1	Earthquakes	earthquake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	happen	happen	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
4	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	move	move	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | present | Earthquakes |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **move** | present | parts of the crust |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Eat your crusts; they are just bread.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x7:1
# text = Eat your crusts; they are just bread.
1	Eat	eat	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	crusts	crust	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | imperative | you *not said here* | your crusts |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent crust=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | crusts *= crust* | bread |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then she gave her a hard crust of bread, saying:

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crust:x8:1
# text = Then she gave her a hard crust of bread, saying:
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	saying	say	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | she | a hard crust of bread | her *= she* |  | then |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent she=Recipient crust=Theme |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund | she *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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