---
title: crusty — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «crusty» in the school dictionary: Crusty means having a hard, crisp outside, like fresh bread. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# crusty

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Crusty, crusty person, I, baker, knee, boots · **What happens:** mean, have, crisp, cover, be, love · **To what, where:** hard, warm crusty bread, crusty rolls, crusty scab, crusty old captain, crusty rind · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«crusty» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [crusty in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/crusty.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crusty means having a hard, crisp outside, like fresh bread.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:m1:1
# text = Crusty means having a hard, crisp outside, like fresh bread.
1	Crusty	crusty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	having	have	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	crisp	crisp	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
8	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	fresh	fresh	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Crusty |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** *not said to happen* | gerund | Crusty *not said here* | a hard |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hard=Patient |
| 3 | **crisp** | infinitive | Crusty *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like fresh bread; outside *property* | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crusty means covered with a hard dry layer (a crusty scab, crusty mud).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:m2:1
# text = Crusty means covered with a hard dry layer (a crusty scab, crusty mud).
1	Crusty	crusty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	ccomp	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	dry	dry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	scab	scab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Crusty |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with a hard dry layer | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent with layer=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A crusty person is grumpy and easily annoyed, often an old one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:m3:1
# text = A crusty person is grumpy and easily annoyed, often an old one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	grumpy	grumpy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	annoyed	annoyed	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a crusty person |  |  |  |  | grumpy *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a crusty person *not said here* |  |  |  |  | easily *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I love warm crusty bread with butter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x1:1
# text = I love warm crusty bread with butter.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	love	love	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	butter	butter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **love** | present | I | warm crusty bread |  |  |  | with butter | vn admire-31.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer bread=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The baker sold crusty rolls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x2:1
# text = The baker sold crusty rolls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	baker	baker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sold	sell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rolls	roll	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | past | the baker | crusty rolls |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent roll=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My knee had a crusty scab.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x3:1
# text = My knee had a crusty scab.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	scab	scab	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | My knee | a crusty scab |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent scab=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His boots were crusty with dried mud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x4:1
# text = His boots were crusty with dried mud.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	boots	boot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | His boots |  |  |  |  | with dried mud; crusty *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **dry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The crusty old captain shouted at the sailors.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x5:1
# text = The crusty old captain shouted at the sailors.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	shouted	shout	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | participle |  | the crusty old captain *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cheese had a crusty rind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:crusty:x6:1
# text = The cheese had a crusty rind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cheese	cheese	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	crusty	crusty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rind	rind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the cheese | a crusty rind |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent rind=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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