---
title: cud — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cud» in the school dictionary: Cud is food that a cow, sheep, goat or deer has swallowed and then brings back up from its stomach into its mouth to chew again. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cud

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** food, cow, Sheep, Animals, Grandad, he · **What happens:** be, swallow, bring back, chew, mean, think · **To what, where:** Cud food, cow, stomach, cud, food, field · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cud» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cud in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cud.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cud is food that a cow, sheep, goat or deer has swallowed and then brings back up from its stomach into its mouth to chew again.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:m1:1
# text = Cud is food that a cow, sheep, goat or deer has swallowed and then brings back up from its stomach into its mouth to chew again.
1	Cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	14	obj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	goat	goat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	deer	deer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
13	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	swallowed	swallow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	17	advmod	_	_
17	brings	bring	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	conj	_	_
18	back	back	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	up	up	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
23	into	into	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	25	nmod:poss	_	_
25	mouth	mouth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
26	to	to	PART	TO	_	27	mark	_	_
27	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	advcl	_	_
28	again	again	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Cud food |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **swallow** | present · perfect · passive |  | a cow and sheep and goat or deer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **bring back** | present |  |  |  | deer's stomach | then | into stomach's mouth | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent into mouth=Destination |
| 4 | **chew** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | again |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«To chew the cud» means to chew food this way; figuratively, it means to think about something slowly and carefully.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:m2:1
# text = «To chew the cud» means to chew food this way; figuratively, it means to think about something slowly and carefully.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	To	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	csubj	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	chew	chew	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	det	_	_
12	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
14	figuratively	figuratively	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	think	think	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	about	about	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	19	obl	_	_
22	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **chew** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | food |  |  |  | this way *obl:unmarked* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 4 | **mean** | present | food |  |  |  |  | figuratively *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **think** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | food *not said here* |  |  |  |  | about something; slowly *property* | vn focus-87.1-1 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about something=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cow lay in the field chewing the cud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x1:1
# text = The cow lay in the field chewing the cud.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lay	lie	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | past | the cow |  |  | the field |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in field=Location |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund | the cow *not said here* | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sheep and goats chew the cud too.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x2:1
# text = Sheep and goats chew the cud too.
1	Sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	goats	goat	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	chew	chew	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	too	too	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | present | Sheep and goats | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Animals that chew the cud are called ruminants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x3:1
# text = Animals that chew the cud are called ruminants.
1	Animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	chew	chew	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	ruminants	ruminant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | present | Animals | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | Animals |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cow brings grass back up from its stomach as cud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x4:1
# text = A cow brings grass back up from its stomach as cud.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	brings	bring	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	up	up	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	stomach	stomach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | present | a cow | grass |  | grass's stomach |  | as cud | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent grass=Theme from stomach=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandad sat on the bench chewing the cud about the old days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x5:1
# text = Grandad sat on the bench chewing the cud about the old days.
1	Grandad	Grandad	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bench	bench	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	about	about	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | Grandad |  |  | the bench |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on bench=Location |
| 2 | **chew** | gerund | Grandad *not said here* | the cud |  |  | day |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old laws, animals that chew the cud were allowed as food.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x6:1
# text = In old laws, animals that chew the cud were allowed as food.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	laws	law	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	chew	chew	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **chew** | present | animals | the cud |  |  |  |  | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |
| 2 | **allow** | past · passive |  | animals |  | old laws |  | as food | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When he and his guests entered the courtyard, they noticed the goat tied to the post quietly chewing the cud.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cud:x7:1
# text = When he and his guests entered the courtyard, they noticed the goat tied to the post quietly chewing the cud.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
2	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	guests	guest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
6	entered	enter	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	courtyard	courtyard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	noticed	notice	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	goat	goat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	tied	tie	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	post	post	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
18	quietly	quietly	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
19	chewing	chew	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	cud	cud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **enter** | past | he | the courtyard |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme courtyard=Destination |
| 2 | **notice** | past | guests *= guest* | the goat |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer goat=Stimulus |
| 3 | **tie** | participle |  | the goat *not said here* |  |  |  | to the post | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle PP»: agent=Patient to post=Co-Patient |
| 4 | **chew** | gerund | the post *not said here* | the cud |  |  |  | quietly *property* | vn chew-39.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cud=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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