---
title: culled — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «culled» in the school dictionary: killed a number of animals to reduce their numbers, or because they are ill. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# culled

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** animals, you, editor, company, We · **What happens:** kill, reduce, be, choose, pick out, cull · **To what, where:** number, numbers, jobs, Thousands, Deer, park

<!-- .vabout -->
«culled» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [culled in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/culled.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism, official — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
killed a number of animals to reduce their numbers, or because they are ill.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:m1:1
# text = killed a number of animals to reduce their numbers, or because they are ill.
1	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	reduce	reduce	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	15	nsubj	_	_
14	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
15	ill	ill	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past |  | a number of animals |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Theme |
| 2 | **reduce** | to-infinitive |  | animals's numbers |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer number=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present | animals *= animal* |  |  |  |  | ill *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
chose or picked out from a large group (culled facts from books).

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:m2:1
# text = chose or picked out from a large group (culled facts from books).
1	chose	choose	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	picked	pick	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	appos	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pick out** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | from a large group | vn chew-39.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent from group=Patient |
| 3 | **cull** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: business — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
cut, removed (jobs culled).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:m3:1
# text = cut, removed (jobs culled).
1	cut	cut	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
3	removed	remove	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	conj	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	jobs	job	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	_
6	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | imperative | you *not said here* | jobs |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **remove** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn fire-10.10 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **cull** | participle |  | jobs *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thousands of chickens were culled because of bird flu.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x1:1
# text = Thousands of chickens were culled because of bird flu.
1	Thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	chickens	chicken	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	flu	flu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | past · passive |  | Thousands of chickens |  |  |  | because bird flu | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Deer are culled in the park to protect the trees.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x2:1
# text = Deer are culled in the park to protect the trees.
1	Deer	deer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	trees	tree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | present · passive |  | Deer |  | the park |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Source |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive |  | the trees |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tree=Beneficiary |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The editor culled the best stories from hundreds of letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x3:1
# text = The editor culled the best stories from hundreds of letters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	editor	editor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	culled	cull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	best	good	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | past | the editor | the best stories |  | hundreds of letters |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent story=Theme from hundred=Source |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company culled two hundred jobs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x4:1
# text = The company culled two hundred jobs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	compound	_	_
5	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	jobs	job	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | participle | the company *not said here* | hundred jobs |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The badgers were culled despite protests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x5:1
# text = The badgers were culled despite protests.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	badgers	badger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	culled	cull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	protests	protest	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | past · passive |  | the badgers |  |  |  | despite protests | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We culled old toys from the cupboard for the charity shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:culled:x6:1
# text = We culled old toys from the cupboard for the charity shop.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	culled	cull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	toys	toy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cupboard	cupboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	charity	charity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cull** | past | We | old toys |  | the cupboard for the charity shop |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent toy=Theme from cupboard=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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