---
title: cultivation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cultivation» in the school dictionary: Preparing land and growing crops or plants on it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cultivation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Rice cultivation, field, cultivation, Good cultivation, seeds, Learning · **What happens:** prepare, grow, cultivate, develop, educate, have · **To what, where:** land, crops, rice, skill, good manners, lot

<!-- .vabout -->
«cultivation» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cultivation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cultivation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Preparing land and growing crops or plants on it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:m1:1
# text = Preparing land and growing crops or plants on it.
1	Preparing	prepare	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
5	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **prepare** | gerund |  | land |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Patient |
| 2 | **grow** | gerund |  | crops or plants |  | land |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location crop=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The growing of a particular plant: «the cultivation of rice».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:m2:1
# text = The growing of a particular plant: «the cultivation of rice».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	growing	grow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	rice	rice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cultivate** *in a quote* |  |  | rice |  |  |  |  | nom cultivation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Developing a skill, quality or friendship carefully over time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:m3:1
# text = Developing a skill, quality or friendship carefully over time.
1	Developing	develop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	quality	quality	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	friendship	friendship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	carefully	carefully	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
9	over	over	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **develop** | gerund |  | a skill and quality or friendship |  |  | time | carefully *property* | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skill=Product |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Being educated and having good manners and taste.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:m4:1
# text = Being educated and having good manners and taste.
1	Being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	aux:pass	_	_
2	educated	educate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	manners	manners	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	taste	taste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **educate** *speech: other* | gerund · passive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn advise-37.9 «NP V NP.recipient» |
| 2 | **have** | gerund |  | good manners and taste |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manners=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rice cultivation needs a lot of water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x1:1
# text = Rice cultivation needs a lot of water.
1	Rice	rice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | Rice cultivation | a lot of water |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot lot=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This field has been under cultivation for many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x2:1
# text = This field has been under cultivation for many years.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	cop	_	_
5	under	under	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present · perfect | this field |  |  | cultivation | year |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cultivation of potatoes spread across Europe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x3:1
# text = The cultivation of potatoes spread across Europe.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	potatoes	potato	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | the cultivation of potatoes |  |  | Europe |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme across europe=Destination |
| 2 | **cultivate** |  |  | potatoes |  |  |  |  | nom cultivation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Good cultivation of the soil helps the seeds grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x4:1
# text = Good cultivation of the soil helps the seeds grow.
1	Good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Good cultivation of the soil |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **grow** | present | the seeds |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cultivate** |  |  | the soil |  |  |  |  | nom cultivation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Learning an instrument needs patient cultivation of skill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x5:1
# text = Learning an instrument needs patient cultivation of skill.
1	Learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	instrument	instrument	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	needs	need	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	patient	patient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | gerund |  | a instrument |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent instrument=Topic |
| 2 | **need** | present | Learning | patient cultivation of skill |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot cultivation=Theme |
| 3 | **cultivate** |  |  | skill |  |  |  |  | nom cultivation «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Terraces make cultivation possible on steep hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x6:1
# text = Terraces make cultivation possible on steep hills.
1	Terraces	terrace	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	possible	possible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	steep	steep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Terraces | cultivation |  | steep hills |  | possible *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cultivation=Product |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) She was a woman of great cultivation and charm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x7:1
# text = (formal) She was a woman of great cultivation and charm.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	charm	charm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | formal | a woman |  |  |  | of great cultivation and charm | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He accordingly gathered round him his zealous followers, and they set forth on their travels, planting the vine and teaching its cultivation wherever they went.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cultivation:x8:1
# text = He accordingly gathered round him his zealous followers, and they set forth on their travels, planting the vine and teaching its cultivation wherever they went.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	accordingly	accordingly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	gathered	gather	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	round	round	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obl	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	zealous	zealous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	followers	follower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	set	set	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
13	forth	forth	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	on	on	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
15	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	16	nmod:poss	_	_
16	travels	travel	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	planting	plant	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	vine	vine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	teaching	teach	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	18	conj	_	_
23	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	cultivation	cultivation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
25	wherever	wherever	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	27	advmod	_	_
26	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **gather** | past | He | his zealous followers |  |  |  | round him *= he*; accordingly *property* | vn deduce-97.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent follower=Theme |
| 2 | **set** | present | followers *= follower* |  |  |  |  | forth *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **travel** | present | followers *= follower* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **plant** | gerund | followers *= follower* *not said here* | the vine |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vine=Patient |
| 5 | **teach** *speech: other* | gerund | followers *= follower* *not said here* | vine's cultivation |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent cultivation=Recipient |
| 6 | **go** | past | followers *= follower* |  |  |  |  | wherever *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **cultivate** |  | vine |  |  |  |  |  | nom cultivation «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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