---
title: curvature — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «curvature» in the school dictionary: Curvature is how much something curves or bends. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# curvature

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Curvature, something, we, Ships, Earth, small circle · **What happens:** be, curve, bend, see, disappear, make · **To what, where:** spine, curvature, top, Earth, bottom, bridge

<!-- .vabout -->
«curvature» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [curvature in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/curvature.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Curvature is how much something curves or bends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:m1:1
# text = Curvature is how much something curves or bends.
1	Curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	4	advmod	_	_
4	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
6	curves	curve	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	bends	bend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Curvature |  |  |  |  | much *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **curve** | present | something |  |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP.material V PP.product»: agent=Material |
| 3 | **bend** | present | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A curvature of the spine is when the backbone bends sideways or too much.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:m2:1
# text = A curvature of the spine is when the backbone bends sideways or too much.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	backbone	backbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	bends	bend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	sideways	sideways	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	too	too	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	much	much	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a curvature of the spine |  |  |  |  | bend, sideways *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **curve** |  |  | the spine |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From the top of the mountain we could almost see the curvature of the Earth.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x1:1
# text = From the top of the mountain we could almost see the curvature of the Earth.
1	From	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | could | we | the curvature of the Earth |  | the top of the mountain |  | almost *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer curvature=Stimulus |
| 2 | **curve** |  |  | the Earth |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ships disappear bottom first because of the Earth's curvature.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x2:1
# text = Ships disappear bottom first because of the Earth's curvature.
1	Ships	ship	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	disappear	disappear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	first	first	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	2	advmod	_	_
5	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	fixed	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **disappear** | present | Ships | bottom |  |  |  | because the Earth's curvature; first *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **curve** |  | the Earth |  |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The curvature of the bridge makes it strong.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x3:1
# text = The curvature of the bridge makes it strong.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bridge	bridge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the curvature of the bridge | bridge |  |  |  | strong *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |
| 2 | **curve** |  |  | the bridge |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A small circle has a greater curvature than a large one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x4:1
# text = A small circle has a greater curvature than a large one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	greater	great	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	than	than	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a small circle | a greater curvature |  |  |  | than a large one | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent curvature=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor checked her back for any curvature of the spine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x5:1
# text = The doctor checked her back for any curvature of the spine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	checked	check	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
8	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	spine	spine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check back** | past | the doctor | her *= she* |  |  |  | for any curvature of the spine | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent she=Theme for curvature=Attribute |
| 2 | **curve** |  |  | the spine |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lens's curvature bends the light.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:curvature:x6:1
# text = The lens's curvature bends the light.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lens	lens	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	curvature	curvature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	bends	bend	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bend** | present | the lens's curvature | the light |  |  |  |  | vn knead-26.5 «NP V NP.material»: agent=Agent light=Material |
| 2 | **curve** |  | the lens |  |  |  |  |  | nom curvature «state transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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