---
title: cyanobacteria — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cyanobacteria» in the school dictionary: Tiny living things, a kind of bacteria, that make their own food from sunlight like plants do. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cyanobacteria

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Tiny living things, plants, algae, Cyanobacteria, sign, lake · **What happens:** make, do, call, live, turn, fill · **To what, where:** own food, sunlight, blue green algae, water, ponds, food · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cyanobacteria» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cyanobacteria in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cyanobacteria.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Tiny living things, a kind of bacteria, that make their own food from sunlight like plants do.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:m1:1
# text = Tiny living things, a kind of bacteria, that make their own food from sunlight like plants do.
1	Tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
13	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
15	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	like	like	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
18	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	nsubj	_	_
19	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Tiny living things | things's own food |  | sunlight |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset food=Product from sunlight=Material |
| 2 | **do** | present | plants |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sometimes called blue-green algae, they live in water and can turn ponds and lakes green.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:m2:1
# text = Sometimes called blue-green algae, they live in water and can turn ponds and lakes green.
1	Sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	2	advmod	_	_
2	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
3	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	algae	alga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	turn	turn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	conj	_	_
15	ponds	pond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	conj	_	_
18	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle |  | blue green algae |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent alga=Recipient |
| 2 | **live** | present | algae *= alga* | blue green algae *not said here* |  | water |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme alga=Location |
| 3 | **turn** | can | algae *= alga* *not said here* | ponds and lakes |  |  |  | green *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent pond=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cyanobacteria make food from sunlight just like plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x1:1
# text = Cyanobacteria make food from sunlight just like plants.
1	Cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Cyanobacteria | food |  | sunlight |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP PP»: agent=Asset food=Beneficiary plant=Product from sunlight=Material |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Billions of years ago, cyanobacteria filled the air with oxygen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x2:1
# text = Billions of years ago, cyanobacteria filled the air with oxygen.
1	Billions	billion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | cyanobacteria | the air |  |  |  | with oxygen; ago *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent air=Patient with oxygen=Instrument |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sign said the lake had cyanobacteria, so no swimming.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x3:1
# text = The sign said the lake had cyanobacteria, so no swimming.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	11	det	_	_
11	swimming	swimming	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the sign |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **have** | past | the lake | cyanobacteria and no swimming |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cyanobacteria=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep your dog out of the green, scummy water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x4:1
# text = Keep your dog out of the green, scummy water.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	scummy	scummy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | your dog |  | the green scummy water |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent dog=Theme out water=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Under the microscope the cyanobacteria looked like tiny green threads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x5:1
# text = Under the microscope the cyanobacteria looked like tiny green threads.
1	Under	under	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	threads	thread	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the cyanobacteria |  |  |  |  | like tiny green threads; under the microscope | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent under microscope=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stromatolites are rocky mounds built by cyanobacteria.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x6:1
# text = Stromatolites are rocky mounds built by cyanobacteria.
1	Stromatolites	stromatolite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	rocky	rocky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	mounds	mound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Stromatolites | rocky mounds |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **build** | participle |  | rocky mounds *not said here* |  |  |  | by cyanobacteria | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A warm summer can make cyanobacteria grow fast in ponds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyanobacteria:x7:1
# text = A warm summer can make cyanobacteria grow fast in ponds.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	warm	warm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	cyanobacteria	cyanobacteria	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	advmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	ponds	pond	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | can | a warm summer | cyanobacteria |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | infinitive | cyanobacteria *not said here* |  |  | ponds |  | fast *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in pond=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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