---
title: cyrillic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «cyrillic» in the school dictionary: Cyrillic is the alphabet used to write Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Kazakh, Mongolian and other languages. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# cyrillic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Cyrillic, Cyrillic letters, some, others, sign, I · **What happens:** be, use, write, include, look, do · **To what, where:** alphabet, Ukrainian, Ж, Cyrillic alphabet, Cyrillic, sign · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«cyrillic» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [cyrillic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/cyrillic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cyrillic is the alphabet used to write Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Kazakh, Mongolian and other languages.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:m1:1
# text = Cyrillic is the alphabet used to write Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian, Belarusian, Macedonian, Kazakh, Mongolian and other languages.
1	Cyrillic	cyrillic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
8	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	Russian	Russian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	Bulgarian	bulgarian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	Serbian	serbian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	Belarusian	Belarusian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	Macedonian	Macedonian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
20	Kazakh	Kazakh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	Mongolian	Mongolian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	parataxis	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Cyrillic | the alphabet |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | the alphabet *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **write** | to-infinitive |  | Ukrainian |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ukrainian=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cyrillic letters include some that look like English ones (А, О, Т) and others that do not (Ж, Ш, Щ, Ї).

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:m2:1
# text = Cyrillic letters include some that look like English ones (А, О, Т) and others that do not (Ж, Ш, Щ, Ї).
1	Cyrillic	cyrillic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	include	include	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	nsubj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	А	А	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	О	О	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	Т	Т	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	11	punct	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	do	do	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	23	advmod	_	_
22	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	Ж	Ж	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	Ш	Ш	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	Щ	Щ	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
29	Ї	Ї	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	23	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | Cyrillic letters |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | present | some |  |  |  |  | like English ones and others | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **do** | present | others | Ж and Щ |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ж=Eventuality |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ukrainian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x1:1
# text = Ukrainian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet.
1	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Cyrillic	cyrillic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | present · passive |  | Ukrainian |  | the Cyrillic alphabet |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in alphabet=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sign was in Cyrillic, so I could not read it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x2:1
# text = The sign was in Cyrillic, so I could not read it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Cyrillic	Cyrillic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
9	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	_
11	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	acl:relcl	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the sign |  |  | Cyrillic |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **read** | could | I | sign |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Cyrillic letter Ж sounds like the "s" in "treasure".

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x3:1
# text = The Cyrillic letter Ж sounds like the "s" in "treasure".
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Cyrillic	cyrillic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	Ж	Ж	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
5	sounds	sound	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	s	s	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	treasure	treasure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sound** | present | the Cyrillic letter |  |  | treasure |  | like the s | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in treasure=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cyrillic was named after Saint Cyril.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x4:1
# text = Cyrillic was named after Saint Cyril.
1	Cyrillic	cyrillic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	after	after	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Saint	Saint	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	Cyril	Cyril	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** | past · passive |  | Cyrillic |  |  | after Saint |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Cyrillic, the letter Р is said like an "r".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x5:1
# text = In Cyrillic, the letter Р is said like an "r".
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Cyrillic	Cyrillic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	Р	Р	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	said	say	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	r	r	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present · passive |  | the letter |  | Cyrillic |  | like a r | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: subject=Theme in cyrillic=Manner |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned to write our names in Cyrillic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:cyrillic:x6:1
# text = We learned to write our names in Cyrillic.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Cyrillic	Cyrillic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **write** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | our names |  | Cyrillic |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in cyrillic=Destination |
| 3 | **name** |  | our |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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