---
title: dark — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dark» in the school dictionary: Dark means with little or no light, like at night. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/dark/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/) / dark

# dark

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Dark, dark colour, Dark hair, It, 5 dark blue pens, Dark chocolate · **What happens:** mean, be, get, cost, go, need · **To what, where:** place, 6 o'clock, more, school, light, nothing

<!-- .vabout -->
«dark» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dark in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dark.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark means with little or no light, like at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:m1:1
# text = Dark means with little or no light, like at night.
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	7	det	_	_
7	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Dark |  |  |  |  | with no little light and night | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dark colour is deep and close to black, like dark blue or dark green.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:m2:1
# text = A dark colour is deep and close to black, like dark blue or dark green.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
12	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
13	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	conj	_	_
16	green	green	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a dark colour |  |  |  |  | deep *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a dark colour *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to black | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark hair, eyes or skin are deep brown or black.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:m3:1
# text = Dark hair, eyes or skin are deep brown or black.
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	hair	hair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	brown	brown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Dark hair and eyes or skin |  |  |  |  | brown *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Dark hair and eyes or skin *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dark is the time or place with no light: «afraid of the dark».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:m4:1
# text = The dark is the time or place with no light: «afraid of the dark».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	10	det	_	_
10	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the dark | place |  |  |  | with no light | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark can mean sad, scary or bad: «a dark story».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:m5:1
# text = Dark can mean sad, scary or bad: «a dark story».
1	Dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	scary	scary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can | Dark |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It gets dark at 6 o'clock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x1:1
# text = It gets dark at 6 o'clock.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gets	get	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	o'clock	o'clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present | It |  |  | 6 o'clock |  | dark *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are 5 dark blue pens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x2:1
# text = There are 5 dark blue pens.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
4	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	blue	blue	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pens	pen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | 5 dark blue pens |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dark chocolate costs more.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x3:1
# text = Dark chocolate costs more.
1	Dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	costs	cost	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cost** | present | Dark chocolate | more |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme more=Value |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many hours is it dark?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x4:1
# text = How many hours is it dark?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | many hours |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many children are afraid of the dark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x5:1
# text = Many children are afraid of the dark.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	afraid	afraid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Many children |  |  |  |  | of the dark; afraid *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In winter it is dark when we go home from school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x6:1
# text = In winter it is dark when we go home from school.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	winter	winter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
9	home	home	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | it |  |  |  | winter | dark *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | present | we |  |  | school |  | home *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme from school=Initial\_Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We need light to see, so in the dark we see nothing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x7:1
# text = We need light to see, so in the dark we see nothing.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
7	so	so	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
11	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	see	see	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
13	nothing	nothing	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** | present | We | light |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot light=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | light *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **see** | present | we | nothing |  | the dark |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer nothing=Stimulus |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear something bright if you walk after dark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dark:x8:1
# text = Wear something bright if you walk after dark.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obj	_	_
3	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
4	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	walk	walk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **walk** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  |  | after dark |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [darjeeling](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/darjeeling/)
- next →: [darken](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/darken/)
- ↑ back to [D in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/)