---
title: darken — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «darken» in the school dictionary: To become darker or to make something darker. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# darken

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, face, leaves, sun, forest, evening · **What happens:** become, make, not darken, mean, not come, darken · **To what, where:** something, door, house, sky, blinds, room · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«darken» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [darken in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/darken.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To become darker or to make something darker.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:m1:1
# text = To become darker or to make something darker.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To become sad, angry or less hopeful, as a face or mood can.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:m2:1
# text = To become sad, angry or less hopeful, as a face or mood can.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	become	become	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	8	advmod	_	_
8	hopeful	hopeful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	mood	mood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	_
15	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: idiom — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never darken my door again means never come to my house again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:m3:1
# text = Never darken my door again means never come to my house again.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	darken	darken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	again	again	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
6	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	come	come	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	house	house	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	again	again	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **darken** | infinitive |  | my door |  |  | again |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent door=Patient |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **come** *not said to happen* | infinitive |  |  |  | my house | again |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to house=Initial\_Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sky darkened before the storm.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x1:1
# text = The sky darkened before the storm.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	darkened	darken	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	before	before	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	storm	storm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | participle |  | the sky *not said here* |  |  | before the storm |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Close the blinds to darken the room for the film.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x2:1
# text = Close the blinds to darken the room for the film.
1	Close	close	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	blinds	blind	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	darken	darken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | imperative | you *not said here* | the blinds |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent blind=Patient |
| 2 | **darken** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the room |  |  |  | for the film | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent room=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Add a little black to darken the paint.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x3:1
# text = Add a little black to darken the paint.
1	Add	add	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
4	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	darken	darken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **add** *speech: assert* | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn mix-22.1-2 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **darken** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the paint |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent paint=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His face darkened when he heard the bad news.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x4:1
# text = His face darkened when he heard the bad news.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	darkened	darken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | past | His face |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **hear** | past | face | the bad news |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer news=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The leaves darken in late summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x5:1
# text = The leaves darken in late summer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	darken	darken	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | present | the leaves |  |  |  | summer |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As the sun went down, the forest darkened.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x6:1
# text = As the sun went down, the forest darkened.
1	As	as	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
5	down	down	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	forest	forest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	darkened	darken	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go down** | past | the sun |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 2 | **darken** | past | the forest |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At last the day began to darken, and the evening came; still he had caught not a single fish.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darken:x7:1
# text = At last the day began to darken, and the evening came; still he had caught not a single fish.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
5	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	darken	darken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	still	still	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
15	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	21	advmod	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	single	single	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past |  |  |  |  | day |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **darken** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **come** | past | the evening |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **catch** | past · perfect · passive |  | he |  |  | still | a single fish *obl* | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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