---
title: darkening — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «darkening» in the school dictionary: Darkening is the -ing form of «darken»: becoming darker, or making something darker. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# darkening

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ing form, darkening face, sky, we, Darkening clouds, rain · **What happens:** darken, be, become, make, describe, get · **To what, where:** ing form, something, us, apple, sky · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«darkening» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [darkening in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/darkening.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Darkening is the -ing form of «darken»: becoming darker, or making something darker.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:m1:1
# text = Darkening is the -ing form of «darken»: becoming darker, or making something darker.
1	Darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	ing	ing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	darken	darken	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	becoming	become	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
13	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	conj	_	_
17	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	16	obj	_	_
18	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | the ing form |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **darken** *in a quote* | infinitive | the ing form *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 4 | **become** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | dark *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 5 | **make** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
As an adjective, darkening describes something getting darker, like a darkening sky.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:m2:1
# text = As an adjective, darkening describes something getting darker, like a darkening sky.
1	As	as	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	adjective	adjective	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	nsubj	_	_
6	describes	describe	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	getting	get	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
9	darker	dark	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	amod	_	_
14	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **describe** | present |  | something |  |  |  | as a adjective | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent something=Theme as adjective=Attribute |
| 3 | **get** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | like a darkening sky; dark *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **darken** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A darkening face or mood is becoming angry or sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:m3:1
# text = A darkening face or mood is becoming angry or sad.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	mood	mood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	becoming	become	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
8	angry	angry	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **become** | present · progressive | a darkening face or mood |  |  |  |  | angry *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The sky was darkening as we walked home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x1:1
# text = The sky was darkening as we walked home.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	walked	walk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	home	home	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | past · progressive | the sky |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **walk** | past | we |  |  |  |  | home *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Darkening clouds told us rain was coming.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x2:1
# text = Darkening clouds told us rain was coming.
1	Darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	amod	_	_
2	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	told	tell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | past | Darkening clouds |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **come** | past · progressive | rain |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The apple is darkening where I bit it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x3:1
# text = The apple is darkening where I bit it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	7	advmod	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	bit	bite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | present · progressive | the apple |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **bite** | past | I | apple |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His face was darkening with anger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x4:1
# text = His face was darkening with anger.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	anger	anger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | past · progressive | His face |  |  |  |  | with anger | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with anger=Instrument |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The water was darkening as the sun went down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x5:1
# text = The water was darkening as the sun went down.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	down	down	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | past · progressive | the water |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **go down** | past | the sun |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Leaves are darkening as summer ends.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x6:1
# text = Leaves are darkening as summer ends.
1	Leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	ends	end	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **darken** | present · progressive | Leaves |  |  |  | as summer ends |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Soon afterwards he saw something big coming towards him, darkening the sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:darkening:x7:1
# text = Soon afterwards he saw something big coming towards him, darkening the sky.
1	Soon	soon	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	4	advmod	_	_
2	afterwards	afterwards	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
7	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
8	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	darkening	darken	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | he | something |  |  |  | afterwards, soon *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer something=Stimulus |
| 2 | **come** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | towards him *= he* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme towards he=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **darken** | gerund | he *not said here* | the sky |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent sky=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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