---
title: defective — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «defective» in the school dictionary: Not working properly because something is wrong with it; having a fault. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# defective

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** working, use, toaster, we, defective wire, company · **What happens:** not work, be, have, use, not use, take · **To what, where:** fault, past, toaster, light, cars, set

<!-- .vabout -->
«defective» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [defective in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/defective.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Not working properly because something is wrong with it; having a fault.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:m1:1
# text = Not working properly because something is wrong with it; having a fault.
1	Not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	working	work	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
3	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	having	have	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	fault	fault	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **work** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | because something; properly *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | working |  |  |  |  | with it; wrong *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **have** | gerund | working *not said here* | a fault |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fault=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old, offensive — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Used in the past about people with disabilities; this use is now hurtful and should not be used.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:m2:1
# text = Used in the past about people with disabilities; this use is now hurtful and should not be used.
1	Used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	disabilities	disability	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
10	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
13	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	_
14	hurtful	hurtful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	parataxis	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
16	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
18	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  |  |  | the past about people with disabilities |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | this use |  |  |  | now | hurtful *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **use** | should · passive | this use *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V» |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The toaster was defective, so we took it back to the shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x1:1
# text = The toaster was defective, so we took it back to the shop.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	toaster	toaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	back	back	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
11	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the toaster |  |  |  |  | defective *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | past | we | toaster |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A defective wire caused the light to flicker.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x2:1
# text = A defective wire caused the light to flicker.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	wire	wire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	flicker	flicker	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | a defective wire | the light |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition light=Patient |
| 2 | **flicker** | to-infinitive | a defective wire *not said here* | the light *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company recalled cars with defective brakes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x3:1
# text = The company recalled cars with defective brakes.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	recalled	recall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	brakes	brake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **recall** | past | the company | cars |  |  |  | with defective brakes | vn banish-10.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent car=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of the bulbs in the set was defective.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x4:1
# text = One of the bulbs in the set was defective.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bulbs	bulb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the bulbs *not said here* |  |  | the set |  | defective *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can get a refund for defective goods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x5:1
# text = You can get a refund for defective goods.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	refund	refund	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | can | You | a refund |  |  |  | for defective goods | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent refund=Theme for goods=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bike was defective — the chain kept slipping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defective:x6:1
# text = The bike was defective — the chain kept slipping.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	defective	defective	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
9	slipping	slip	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the bike |  |  |  |  | defective *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | past | the chain |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **slip** | gerund | the chain *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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