---
title: defray — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «defray» in the school dictionary: To pay some or all of the cost of something: «to defray the costs». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# defray

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** bake sale, formal company, Parents, Selling · **What happens:** pay, defray, cost, help, ask, sell · **To what, where:** some, costs, something, cost, school trip, travel expenses

<!-- .vabout -->
«defray» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [defray in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/defray.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To pay some or all of the cost of something: «to defray the costs».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:m1:1
# text = To pay some or all of the cost of something: «to defray the costs».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	advcl	_	_
3	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	conj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	defray	defray	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | to-infinitive |  | some |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent some=Asset |
| 2 | **defray** *in a quote* | to-infinitive |  | the costs |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bake sale helped defray the cost of the school trip.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x1:1
# text = The bake sale helped defray the cost of the school trip.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bake	bake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	trip	trip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | the bake sale |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **defray** | infinitive | the bake sale *not said here* | the cost of the school trip |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | the school trip |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) The company will defray all travel expenses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x2:1
# text = (formal) The company will defray all travel expenses.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
6	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	det	_	_
9	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	expenses	expense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defray** | future | the formal company | all travel expenses |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parents were asked for two pounds to defray the cost of the coach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x3:1
# text = Parents were asked for two pounds to defray the cost of the coach.
1	Parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	asked	ask	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	coach	coach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past · passive |  | Parents |  |  |  | for two pounds | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V NP whether S\_INF»: subject=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **defray** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | Parents *not said here* | the cost of the coach |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | the coach |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Selling tickets helped defray the expenses of the play.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x4:1
# text = Selling tickets helped defray the expenses of the play.
1	Selling	sell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	csubj	_	_
2	tickets	ticket	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	expenses	expense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	play	play	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | gerund |  | tickets |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ticket=Theme |
| 2 | **help** | past | Selling |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **defray** | infinitive | Selling *not said here* | the expenses of the play |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) A grant was awarded to defray the costs of research.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x5:1
# text = (formal) A grant was awarded to defray the costs of research.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	grant	grant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	awarded	award	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	xcomp	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	research	research	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **award** | past · passive |  | a formal grant |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **defray** | to-infinitive |  | the costs of research |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **cost** |  |  | research |  |  |  |  | nom cost «possession transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
If they are not claimed in seven days they are sent far away to the Neverland to defray expenses.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:defray:x6:1
# text = If they are not claimed in seven days they are sent far away to the Neverland to defray expenses.
1	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	claimed	claim	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	advcl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	seven	seven	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	_
9	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	far	far	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	13	advmod	_	_
13	away	away	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Neverland	Neverland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	defray	defray	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
19	expenses	expense	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **claim** *speech: other* *a condition, not said to happen* | present · passive |  | they |  |  | day |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **send** | present · passive |  | they | the Neverland |  |  | away *property* | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme to neverland=Destination |
| 3 | **defray** | to-infinitive |  | expenses |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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