---
title: denticle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «denticle» in the school dictionary: One of the tiny tooth-like scales that cover the skin of sharks and rays, making it feel rough like sandpaper; also called «dermal denticles». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# denticle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** tiny like scales, skin, you, denticles, sharks, Scientists · **What happens:** cover, make, feel, call, shape, stroke · **To what, where:** skin, dermal denticles, Shark skin, shark, tail, water · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«denticle» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [denticle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/denticle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One of the tiny tooth-like scales that cover the skin of sharks and rays, making it feel rough like sandpaper; also called «dermal denticles».

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:m1:1
# text = One of the tiny tooth-like scales that cover the skin of sharks and rays, making it feel rough like sandpaper; also called «dermal denticles».
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
4	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
5	tooth	tooth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	like	like	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	scales	scale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	cover	cover	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	rays	ray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	_
21	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	_
22	like	like	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	26	punct	_	_
25	also	also	ADV	RB	_	26	advmod	_	_
26	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	parataxis	_	_
27	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	dermal	dermal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present | the tiny like scales | the skin of sharks and rays |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme skin=Destination |
| 2 | **make** | gerund | the tiny like scales *not said here* | skin |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **feel** | infinitive | skin *not said here* |  |  |  |  | rough *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 4 | **call** | participle |  | dermal denticles |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any small tooth or tooth-shaped bump, for example on a leaf edge, insect leg or shell.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:m2:1
# text = Any small tooth or tooth-shaped bump, for example on a leaf edge, insect leg or shell.
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
2	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tooth	tooth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
5	tooth	tooth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	amod	_	_
8	bump	bump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shark skin is covered in tiny denticles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x1:1
# text = Shark skin is covered in tiny denticles.
1	Shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | Shark skin |  |  |  | in tiny denticles | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in denticle=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stroke a shark from tail to head and the denticles feel like sandpaper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x2:1
# text = Stroke a shark from tail to head and the denticles feel like sandpaper.
1	Stroke	stroke	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	tail	tail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	feel	feel	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	conj	_	_
12	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stroke** | imperative | you *not said here* | a shark |  | tail |  | to head | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shark=Experiencer |
| 2 | **feel** | present | the denticles |  |  |  |  | like sandpaper | vn conjecture-29.5-2 «NP V S»: agent=Agent like sandpaper=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Denticles help sharks glide through the water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x3:1
# text = Denticles help sharks glide through the water.
1	Denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	sharks	shark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	glide	glide	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	xcomp	_	_
5	through	through	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Denticles |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **glide** | present | sharks |  |  | the water |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through water=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists copied shark denticles to make faster swimsuits.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x4:1
# text = Scientists copied shark denticles to make faster swimsuits.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	copied	copy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	faster	fast	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	_
8	swimsuits	swimsuit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | past | Scientists | shark denticles |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent denticle=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* | faster swimsuits |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset swimsuit=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Each denticle is built like a tiny tooth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x5:1
# text = Each denticle is built like a tiny tooth.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	denticle	denticle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	tooth	tooth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | present · passive |  | each denticle |  |  |  | like a tiny tooth | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Under the microscope, the denticles looked like little ridged shields.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:denticle:x6:1
# text = Under the microscope, the denticles looked like little ridged shields.
1	Under	under	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	denticles	denticle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
10	ridged	ridge	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	amod	_	_
11	shields	shield	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the denticles |  |  |  |  | like little ridged shields; under the microscope | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent under microscope=Theme |
| 2 | **ridge** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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