---
title: descender — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «descender» in the school dictionary: The part of a lower-case letter that goes below the line, as in g, j, p, q and y; also a letter that has such a part. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/descender/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/) / descender

# descender

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lower case letter, letter, thing, metal device, speed, letters g · **What happens:** go, have, go down, control, make, go up · **To what, where:** line, part, speed, rope, descenders, brilliant descender

<!-- .vabout -->
«descender» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [descender in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/descender.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: writing, typing — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The part of a lower-case letter that goes below the line, as in g, j, p, q and y; also a letter that has such a part.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:m1:1
# text = The part of a lower-case letter that goes below the line, as in g, j, p, q and y; also a letter that has such a part.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	below	below	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	g	G	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	j	J	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
21	p	p	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	q	Q	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	y	y	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	29	punct	_	_
27	also	also	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
28	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
30	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	31	nsubj	_	_
31	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	29	acl:relcl	_	_
32	such	such	DET	PDT	PronType=Ind	34	det:predet	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	31	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | present | a lower case letter |  |  | the line |  | as g and j and p and q and y | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme below line=Location |
| 2 | **have** | present | a letter | such part |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent part=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person or thing that goes down: «a fast descender» (cyclist or skier).

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:m2:1
# text = A person or thing that goes down: «a fast descender» (cyclist or skier).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	down	down	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	descender	descender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	cyclist	cyclist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	skier	skier	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go down** | present | thing |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: climbing, abseiling — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A metal device that controls the speed of going down a rope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:m3:1
# text = A metal device that controls the speed of going down a rope.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	metal	metal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	device	device	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	controls	control	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
10	down	down	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **control** | present | a metal device | the speed |  |  |  |  | vn enforce-63 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent speed=Theme |
| 2 | **go down** | gerund | the speed *not said here* | a rope |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient rope=Extent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The letters g, j, p, q and y all have descenders.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x1:1
# text = The letters g, j, p, q and y all have descenders.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	compound	_	_
3	g	G	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	j	J	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	p	p	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	q	Q	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	y	y	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	all	all	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	descenders	descender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the letters g and j and p and q and y | descenders |  |  |  | all *property* | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent descender=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Make sure your descenders go below the line.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x2:1
# text = Make sure your descenders go below the line.
1	Make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	sure	sure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	descenders	descender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	below	below	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	line	line	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | sure *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **go** | present | your descenders |  |  | the line |  |  | vn occur-48.3-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme below line=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In our handwriting book, ascenders go up and descenders go down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x3:1
# text = In our handwriting book, ascenders go up and descenders go down.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	ascenders	ascender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	up	up	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	descenders	descender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
12	down	down	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go up** | present | ascenders |  |  |  |  | in our handwriting book | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in book=Attribute |
| 2 | **go down** | present | descenders |  |  |  |  | down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cyclist was a brilliant descender on the mountain roads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x4:1
# text = The cyclist was a brilliant descender on the mountain roads.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cyclist	cyclist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	brilliant	brilliant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	descender	descender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	roads	road	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the cyclist | a brilliant descender |  | the mountain roads |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The climber clipped the descender onto the rope.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x5:1
# text = The climber clipped the descender onto the rope.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	climber	climber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	clipped	clip	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	descender	descender	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	rope	rope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clip** | past | the climber | the descender |  |  |  | onto the rope | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: agent=Agent descender=Patient onto rope=Co-Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In this font, the descenders are very long and curly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:descender:x6:1
# text = In this font, the descenders are very long and curly.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
3	font	font	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	descenders	descender	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the descenders |  |  | this font |  | long *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the descenders *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [descendants](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/descendants/)
- next →: [descent](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/descent/)
- ↑ back to [D in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/)