---
title: discourage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «discourage» in the school dictionary: To make someone feel less confident or less hopeful. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# discourage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, it, something, Fences, one bad score, Signs · **What happens:** make, feel, try, stop, do, show · **To what, where:** someone, something, them, good idea, burglars, one bad score · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«discourage» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [discourage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/discourage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make someone feel less confident or less hopeful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:m1:1
# text = To make someone feel less confident or less hopeful.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	feel	feel	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	6	advmod	_	_
6	confident	confident	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	9	advmod	_	_
9	hopeful	hopeful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | someone |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset someone=Product |
| 2 | **feel** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | confident *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To try to stop someone from doing something by showing them it is not a good idea: «discourage someone from doing».

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:m2:1
# text = To try to stop someone from doing something by showing them it is not a good idea: «discourage someone from doing».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	try	try	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	obj	_	_
6	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	showing	show	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
13	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
14	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	17	advmod	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	idea	idea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	discourage	discourage	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	17	parataxis	_	_
21	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	20	obj	_	_
22	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
23	doing	do	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **stop** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality someone=Eventuality |
| 3 | **do** | gerund |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Eventuality |
| 4 | **show** | gerund |  | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent they=Recipient |
| 5 | **not** **is a** | present | it | a good idea |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **discourage** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |
| 7 | **do** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To make something less likely to happen: «Fences discourage burglars.».

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:m3:1
# text = To make something less likely to happen: «Fences discourage burglars.».
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	5	advmod	_	_
5	likely	likely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	happen	happen	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	Fences	fence	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	discourage	discourage	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
12	burglars	burglar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset something=Product |
| 2 | **happen** | to-infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **discourage** *in a quote* | present | Fences | burglars |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus burglar=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't let one bad score discourage you.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x1:1
# text = Don't let one bad score discourage you.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	score	score	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	discourage	discourage	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	xcomp	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **let** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | one bad score |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **discourage** | present | one bad score *not said here* | you |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus you=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Signs discourage people from dropping litter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x2:1
# text = Signs discourage people from dropping litter.
1	Signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	discourage	discourage	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	dropping	drop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discourage** | present | Signs | people |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus people=Experiencer |
| 2 | **drop** | gerund | Signs *not said here* | litter |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her parents discouraged her from swimming in the cold sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x3:1
# text = Her parents discouraged her from swimming in the cold sea.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	parents	parent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	discouraged	discourage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	swimming	swim	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discourage** | past | Her parents | her *= she* |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus she=Experiencer |
| 2 | **swim** | gerund | Her parents *not said here* |  |  | the cold sea |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in sea=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bright lights discourage burglars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x4:1
# text = Bright lights discourage burglars.
1	Bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	lights	light	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	discourage	discourage	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	burglars	burglar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **discourage** | present | Bright lights | burglars |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus burglar=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The rain didn't discourage the fans from coming.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x5:1
# text = The rain didn't discourage the fans from coming.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	did	do	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	discourage	discourage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fans	fan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	coming	come	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **discourage** | past · do-support | the rain | the fans |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus fan=Experiencer |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | the rain *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He was discouraged when his tower fell down again.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x6:1
# text = He was discouraged when his tower fell down again.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	discouraged	discouraged	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	tower	tower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
8	down	down	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | He |  |  |  |  | discouraged *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **fall down** | past | his tower |  |  |  | again | down *property* | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She knew that it was for her boy’s good that he should leave her now, and she must not discourage him just as he was setting out.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:discourage:x7:1
# text = She knew that it was for her boy’s good that he should leave her now, and she must not discourage him just as he was setting out.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	’s	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
12	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
13	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	advcl	_	_
15	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	obj	_	_
16	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
20	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	22	aux	_	_
21	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	22	advmod	_	_
22	discourage	discourage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
23	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	obj	_	_
24	just	just	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
25	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	28	mark	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	28	nsubj	_	_
27	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	28	aux	_	_
28	setting	set	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	22	advcl	_	_
29	out	out	ADP	RP	_	28	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | past | it |  |  |  |  | good *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **leave** | should | boy | her *= she* |  |  | now |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent she=Theme |
| 4 | **not** **discourage** | must | she | boy |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus he=Experiencer |
| 5 | **set out** | past · progressive | boy |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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