---
title: disinformation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «disinformation» in the school dictionary: Disinformation is false information that is spread on purpose to trick people, often to change what they think or how they vote. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# disinformation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Disinformation, people, It, misinformation, fake video, you · **What happens:** be, spread, trick, change, think, vote · **To what, where:** false information, purpose, people, misinformation, part, social media · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«disinformation» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [disinformation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/disinformation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Disinformation is false information that is spread on purpose to trick people, often to change what they think or how they vote.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:m1:1
# text = Disinformation is false information that is spread on purpose to trick people, often to change what they think or how they vote.
1	Disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	trick	trick	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
12	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
14	often	often	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	change	change	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
17	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	19	obj	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
19	think	think	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	ccomp	_	_
20	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	23	advmod	_	_
22	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	vote	vote	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Disinformation | false information |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **spread** | present · passive |  | false information |  | purpose |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme on purpose=Destination |
| 3 | **trick** | to-infinitive |  | people |  |  |  |  | vn trick-59.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |
| 4 | **change** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | often *property* | tree rules |
| 5 | **think** *speech: other* | present | people |  |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot what=Theme |
| 6 | **vote** | present | people |  |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is different from misinformation, which is false information spread by mistake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:m2:1
# text = It is different from misinformation, which is false information spread by mistake.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	misinformation	misinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	false	false	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
11	spread	spread	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	mistake	mistake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  | misinformation |  | different *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | misinformation | false information |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **spread** | participle |  | false information *not said here* |  |  |  | by mistake | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme by mistake=Location |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fake video was part of a disinformation campaign.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x1:1
# text = The fake video was part of a disinformation campaign.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fake	fake	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	campaign	campaign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the fake video | part |  |  |  | of a disinformation campaign | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Disinformation spreads fast on social media.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x2:1
# text = Disinformation spreads fast on social media.
1	Disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	social	social	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	media	media	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | Disinformation |  |  | social media |  | fast *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on media=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Always check a story with trusted sources to avoid disinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x3:1
# text = Always check a story with trusted sources to avoid disinformation.
1	Always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	2	advmod	_	_
2	check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	trusted	trust	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	amod	_	_
7	sources	source	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
10	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | a story |  |  |  | with trusted sources; always *property* | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent story=Theme |
| 2 | **trust** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **avoid** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | disinformation |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent disinformation=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The website was shut down for spreading disinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x4:1
# text = The website was shut down for spreading disinformation.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	shut	shut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	down	down	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	spreading	spread	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
8	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shut down** | past · passive |  | the website |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **spread** | gerund |  | disinformation |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location disinformation=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
During the war, both sides were accused of disinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x5:1
# text = During the war, both sides were accused of disinformation.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	accused	accuse	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **accuse** | past · passive |  | both sides |  |  | during the war | of disinformation | vn suspect-81 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Theme of disinformation=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher showed us how to spot disinformation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x6:1
# text = Our teacher showed us how to spot disinformation.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	spot	spot	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	ccomp	_	_
8	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our teacher |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent we=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spot** | to-infinitive |  | disinformation |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme disinformation=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bots can share disinformation thousands of times.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disinformation:x7:1
# text = Bots can share disinformation thousands of times.
1	Bots	bot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	share	share	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	thousands	thousand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **share** | can | Bots | disinformation |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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