---
title: disruption — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «disruption» in the school dictionary: Disruption is something that stops a thing from going on normally. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# disruption

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**Who acts:** Disruption, snow, fire alarm, We, Road · **What happens:** be, stop, go on, cause, talk, apologise · **To what, where:** something, thing, one such interruption, disruption, caused disruption, lesson

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«disruption» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [disruption in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/disruption.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Disruption is something that stops a thing from going on normally.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:m1:1
# text = Disruption is something that stops a thing from going on normally.
1	Disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	stops	stop	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	going	go	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	normally	normally	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Disruption | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stop** | present |  | a thing |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality thing=Eventuality |
| 3 | **go on** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | normally *property* | vn function-105.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A disruption is one such interruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:m2:1
# text = A disruption is one such interruption.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	interruption	interruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a disruption | one such interruption |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The snow caused disruption to the buses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x1:1
# text = The snow caused disruption to the buses.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	buses	bus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | past | the snow | disruption |  |  |  | to the buses | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition disruption=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Talking caused disruption in the lesson.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x2:1
# text = Talking caused disruption in the lesson.
1	Talking	talk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lesson	lesson	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **talk** | gerund |  | caused disruption |  | the lesson |  |  | vn compel-59.1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent disruption=Patient |
| 2 | **cause** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There may be disruption on the trains.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x3:1
# text = There may be disruption on the trains.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	3	expl	_	_
2	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	be	be	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	trains	train	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | may | disruption |  |  | the trains; there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on train=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fire alarm was a big disruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x4:1
# text = The fire alarm was a big disruption.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	alarm	alarm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the fire alarm | a big disruption |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We apologise for the disruption.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x5:1
# text = We apologise for the disruption.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	apologise	apologise	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **apologise** *speech: apologize* | present | We |  |  |  |  | for the disruption | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Road works mean disruption for drivers this week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:disruption:x6:1
# text = Road works mean disruption for drivers this week.
1	Road	road	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	mean	mean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	disruption	disruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	drivers	driver	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | present | Road | mean disruption |  |  | week | for drivers | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP PP.predicate»: agent=Agent disruption=Theme for driver=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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