---
title: dogfish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dogfish» in the school dictionary: A kind of small shark found in seas around Britain, Europe, North America and elsewhere, often with a spotted skin. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dogfish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** We, dogfish, fisherman, Dogfish eggs, cases · **What happens:** find, spot, see, be, catch, come · **To what, where:** kind, seas, dogfish, life centre, small kind, spotted dogfish · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«dogfish» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dogfish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dogfish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A kind of small shark found in seas around Britain, Europe, North America and elsewhere, often with a spotted skin.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:m1:1
# text = A kind of small shark found in seas around Britain, Europe, North America and elsewhere, often with a spotted skin.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	seas	sea	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	around	around	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
17	elsewhere	elsewhere	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
19	often	often	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
20	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	spotted	spot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	amod	_	_
23	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | participle · passive |  | a kind of small shark |  | seas around Britain and Europe and North America and a spotted skin |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **spot** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A name for some other fish, such as the bowfin of North American lakes.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:m2:1
# text = A name for some other fish, such as the bowfin of North American lakes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	bowfin	bowfin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
14	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	lakes	lake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw a dogfish at the sea-life centre.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x1:1
# text = We saw a dogfish at the sea-life centre.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a dogfish |  | the life centre |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer dogfish=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dogfish is a small kind of shark.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x2:1
# text = A dogfish is a small kind of shark.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	shark	shark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a dogfish | a small kind |  |  |  | of shark | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fisherman caught a spotted dogfish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x3:1
# text = The fisherman caught a spotted dogfish.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fisherman	fisherman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	spotted	spot	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past | the fisherman | a spotted dogfish |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dogfish=Theme |
| 2 | **spot** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn weather-57 «It V PP.theme» |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dogfish eggs come in cases called mermaid's purses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x4:1
# text = Dogfish eggs come in cases called mermaid's purses.
1	Dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	eggs	egg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	mermaid	mermaid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	purses	purse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Dogfish eggs |  |  | cases |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in case=Location |
| 2 | **call** | participle | cases *not said here* | mermaid's purses |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent purse=Recipient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
On the beach we found an empty dogfish egg case.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x5:1
# text = On the beach we found an empty dogfish egg case.
1	On	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	empty	empty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
8	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | we | a empty egg case |  | the beach |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent case=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dogfish swam slowly along the bottom of the tank.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x6:1
# text = The dogfish swam slowly along the bottom of the tank.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	along	along	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	tank	tank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | the dogfish |  |  | the bottom of the tank |  | slowly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme along bottom=Trajectory |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In biology we looked at the skin of a dogfish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x7:1
# text = In biology we looked at the skin of a dogfish.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	biology	biology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | we |  |  |  |  | at the skin of a dogfish; in biology | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent in biology=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dogfish have rough skin like sandpaper.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dogfish:x8:1
# text = Dogfish have rough skin like sandpaper.
1	Dogfish	dogfish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	rough	rough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sandpaper	sandpaper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Dogfish | rough skin |  |  |  | like sandpaper | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skin=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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