---
title: donut — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «donut» in the school dictionary: A donut is a small, sweet, fried cake, often shaped like a ring with a hole in the middle or a ball filled with jam or cream. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# donut

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** donut, Doing, I, box, jam donut, We · **What happens:** fry, be, shape, fill, call, do · **To what, where:** small sweet fried cake, ball, Something, donuts, car, tight circles · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«donut» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [donut in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/donut.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A donut is a small, sweet, fried cake, often shaped like a ring with a hole in the middle or a ball filled with jam or cream.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:m1:1
# text = A donut is a small, sweet, fried cake, often shaped like a ring with a hole in the middle or a ball filled with jam or cream.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	sweet	sweet	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	fried	fry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	often	often	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
26	filled	fill	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	25	acl	_	_
27	with	with	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	jam	jam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obl	_	_
29	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	30	cc	_	_
30	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a donut | a small sweet fried cake |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **shape** | participle |  | a small sweet fried cake *not said here* |  |  |  | like a ring; with a hole in the middle or a ball; often *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 4 | **fill** | participle |  | a ball *not said here* |  |  |  | with jam or cream | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with jam=Instrument |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Something shaped like a ring can be called a donut shape (in maths, a torus).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:m2:1
# text = Something shaped like a ring can be called a donut shape (in maths, a torus).
1	Something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	like	like	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
7	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	torus	torus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | like a ring | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **call** | can · passive |  | Something |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, mainly US — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Doing donuts means driving a car round and round in tight circles, leaving round skid marks.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:m3:1
# text = Doing donuts means driving a car round and round in tight circles, leaving round skid marks.
1	Doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	donuts	donut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	driving	drive	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	round	round	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	round	round	ADV	RB	_	7	conj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	tight	tight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	conj	_	_
15	round	round	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
16	skid	skid	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	marks	mark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | gerund |  | donuts |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent donut=Eventuality |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Doing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **drive** *not said to happen* | gerund | Doing *not said here* | a car |  | tight circles |  | round *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent car=Theme in circle=Destination |
| 4 | **leave** | gerund | Doing *not said here* | round skid marks |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mark=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I'd like a chocolate donut with sprinkles, please.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x1:1
# text = I'd like a chocolate donut with sprinkles, please.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	'd	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	like	like	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sprinkles	sprinkle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
10	please	please	INTJ	UH	_	3	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **like** | would | I | a chocolate donut |  |  |  | with sprinkles | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot donut=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A box holds 12 donuts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x2:1
# text = A box holds 12 donuts.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	box	box	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	donuts	donut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | present | a box | 12 donuts |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent donut=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The jam donut squirted when I bit into it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x3:1
# text = The jam donut squirted when I bit into it.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	jam	jam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	squirted	squirt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	bit	bite	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
8	into	into	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **squirt** | past | the jam donut |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bite** | past | I |  |  | donut |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP PP.result»: agent=Agent into it=Result |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We shared 18 donuts among 6 friends, so each got 3.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x4:1
# text = We shared 18 donuts among 6 friends, so each got 3.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shared	share	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	18	18	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	donuts	donut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	among	among	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	nsubj	_	_
11	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
12	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **share** | past | We | 18 donuts |  |  |  | among 6 friends | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | past | each | 3 |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer 3=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ring-shaped donut has a hole in the middle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x5:1
# text = A ring-shaped donut has a hole in the middle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	middle	middle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **have** | present | a shaped donut | a hole |  | the middle |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hole=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad bought a dozen donuts for the class party.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x6:1
# text = Dad bought a dozen donuts for the class party.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dozen	dozen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	donuts	donut	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	party	party	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | Dad | dozen donuts |  |  |  | for the class party | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent donut=Theme for party=Beneficiary |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cake was shaped like a giant donut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:donut:x7:1
# text = The cake was shaped like a giant donut.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cake	cake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	giant	giant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	donut	donut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | past · passive |  | the cake |  |  |  | like a giant donut | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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