---
title: downward — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «downward» in the school dictionary: Downward means moving or pointing towards a lower place. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# downward

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**Who acts:** Downward, ball, path, Gravity, graph, you · **What happens:** mean, move, point, go down, roll, slope · **To what, where:** objects, downward trend, face, mat

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«downward» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [downward in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/downward.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Downward means moving or pointing towards a lower place.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:m1:1
# text = Downward means moving or pointing towards a lower place.
1	Downward	downward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	moving	move	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	pointing	point	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	_
6	towards	towards	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	amod	_	_
9	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Downward |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **move** *not said to happen* | gerund | Downward *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **point** | gerund | Downward *not said here* |  |  |  |  | towards a lower place | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent towards place=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Downward means going down in amount, as in a downward trend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:m2:1
# text = Downward means going down in amount, as in a downward trend.
1	Downward	downward	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	down	down	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	downward	downward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	trend	trend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Downward |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **go down** *not said to happen* | gerund | Downward *not said here* |  |  |  |  | as a downward trend; in amount; down *property* | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in amount=Attribute |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ball rolled downward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x1:1
# text = The ball rolled downward.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rolled	roll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | past | the ball |  |  |  |  | downward *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The path slopes downward to the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x2:1
# text = The path slopes downward to the beach.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	slopes	slope	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **slope** | present | the path |  |  |  |  | to the beach; downward *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gravity pulls objects downward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x3:1
# text = Gravity pulls objects downward.
1	Gravity	gravity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	pulls	pull	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	objects	object	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | present | Gravity | objects |  |  |  | downward *property* | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent object=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The graph shows a downward trend in sales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x4:1
# text = The graph shows a downward trend in sales.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	graph	graph	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	downward	downward	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	trend	trend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the graph | a downward trend |  |  |  | in sales | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient PP.theme»: agent=Agent trend=Patient in sale=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lie face downward on the mat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x5:1
# text = Lie face downward on the mat.
1	Lie	lie	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	mat	mat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | imperative | you *not said here* | face |  | the mat |  | downward *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location face=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Prices are moving downward this month.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x6:1
# text = Prices are moving downward this month.
1	Prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	month	month	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | present · progressive | Prices |  |  |  | month | downward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Still the young man moved slowly downward.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:downward:x7:1
# text = Still the young man moved slowly downward.
1	Still	still	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	young	young	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	downward	downward	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | past | the young man |  |  |  | still | downward *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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