---
title: draughts — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «draughts» in the school dictionary: Draughts is a board game for two players who move round flat pieces diagonally and jump over each other's pieces to take them; in the USA it is called checkers. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# draughts

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Draughts, two players, board game, cold currents, Grandpa, I · **What happens:** be, move, jump, take, call, come · **To what, where:** board game, flat pieces, other pieces, Draughts, USA, cold currents · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«draughts» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [draughts in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/draughts.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draughts is a board game for two players who move round flat pieces diagonally and jump over each other's pieces to take them; in the USA it is called checkers.

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:m1:1
# text = Draughts is a board game for two players who move round flat pieces diagonally and jump over each other's pieces to take them; in the USA it is called checkers.
1	Draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	players	player	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	move	move	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	round	round	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	_
14	diagonally	diagonally	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	jump	jump	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
17	over	over	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
18	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	21	det	_	_
19	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	's	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	advcl	_	_
24	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	31	punct	_	_
26	in	in	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	31	obl	_	_
29	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj:pass	_	_
30	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	aux:pass	_	_
31	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
32	checkers	checker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	31	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Draughts | a board game |  |  |  | for two players | tree rules |
| 2 | **move** | present | two players | flat pieces |  |  |  | diagonally *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent piece=Theme |
| 3 | **jump** | present | two players *not said here* |  |  | each other pieces |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over piece=Trajectory |
| 4 | **take** | to-infinitive | two players *not said here* | Draughts *= draught* |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent they=Theme |
| 5 | **call** | present · passive | a board game *not said here* | USA |  | the USA |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draughts are cold currents of air that come into a room through gaps.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:m2:1
# text = Draughts are cold currents of air that come into a room through gaps.
1	Draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	currents	current	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	into	into	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
12	through	through	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	gaps	gap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Draughts | cold currents |  |  |  | of air | tree rules |
| 2 | **come** | present | cold currents |  |  | a room |  | through gaps | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme into room=Initial\_Location through gap=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draughts can also be long swallows of a drink.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:m3:1
# text = Draughts can also be long swallows of a drink.
1	Draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	drink	drink	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | Draughts | long swallows |  |  |  | of a drink | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa taught me to play draughts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x1:1
# text = Grandpa taught me to play draughts.
1	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	taught	teach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	play	play	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
6	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | past | Grandpa |  | me |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent i=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 2 | **play** | to-infinitive | Grandpa *not said here* | draughts |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent draught=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Draughts is played on a board of sixty-four squares.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x2:1
# text = Draughts is played on a board of sixty-four squares.
1	Draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	played	play	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	board	board	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	sixty	sixty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	squares	square	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **play** | present · passive |  | Draughts |  | a board of four squares |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I jumped two of his pieces in one move at draughts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x3:1
# text = I jumped two of his pieces in one move at draughts.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	jumped	jump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	pieces	piece	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	move	move	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **jump** | past | I | his two pieces |  | one move |  | at draughts | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent piece=Theme in move=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are cold draughts coming under the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x4:1
# text = There are cold draughts coming under the door.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
6	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | cold draughts |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **come** | gerund | cold draughts *not said here* |  |  | the door |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme under door=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We put a draught excluder by the door to stop the draughts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x5:1
# text = We put a draught excluder by the door to stop the draughts.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	draught	draught	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	excluder	excluder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | We | a draught excluder |  |  |  | by the door | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent excluder=Theme by door=Destination |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | the draughts |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality draught=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Is draughts the same as checkers? Yes, mostly.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Is draughts the same as checkers?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x6:1
# text = Is draughts the same as checkers?
1	Is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	cop	_	_
2	draughts	draught	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	checkers	checker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | as checkers; draught *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Yes, mostly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x6:2
# text = Yes, mostly.
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	3	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She won three games of draughts in a row.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x7:1
# text = She won three games of draughts in a row.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	row	row	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | She | three games of draughts |  | a row |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent game=Eventuality |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
“Let us keep to the story,” said Mongan, and, having taken some few dozen deep draughts of the wine, he became even more jovial than before.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:draughts:x8:1
# text = “Let us keep to the story,” said Mongan, and, having taken some few dozen deep draughts of the wine, he became even more jovial than before.
1	“	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Let	let	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	ccomp	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	”	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
10	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	Mongan	Mongan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	having	have	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	aux	_	_
16	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	_
17	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	21	det	_	_
18	few	few	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
19	dozen	dozen	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	21	nummod	_	_
20	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	draughts	draught	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
24	wine	wine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
27	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
28	even	even	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
29	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	30	advmod	_	_
30	jovial	jovial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	xcomp	_	_
31	than	than	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	before	before	ADV	RB	_	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | us |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** *in a quote* | infinitive | us *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the story | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mongan |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **take** | gerund · perfect | Mongan *not said here* | some few dozen deep draughts of the wine |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent draught=Theme |
| 5 | **become** | past | Mongan |  |  |  |  | jovial *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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