---
title: dray — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dray» in the school dictionary: A low, strong cart without sides, pulled by horses, used to carry heavy loads like barrels of beer. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dray

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** cart, big dray horse, brewery, drays · **What happens:** pull, use, carry, rattle, show, load · **To what, where:** low strong cart, horses, heavy loads, goods, barrels, town

<!-- .vabout -->
«dray» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dray in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dray.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A low, strong cart without sides, pulled by horses, used to carry heavy loads like barrels of beer.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:m1:1
# text = A low, strong cart without sides, pulled by horses, used to carry heavy loads like barrels of beer.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cart	cart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	without	without	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	pulled	pull	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
10	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	15	mark	_	_
15	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	13	advcl	_	_
16	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	loads	load	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	barrels	barrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	beer	beer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | participle |  | a low strong cart without sides *not said here* |  |  |  | by horses | vn slide-11.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | horses *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **carry** | to-infinitive |  | heavy loads |  |  |  | like barrels of beer | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Australia, old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any cart or wagon for carrying goods.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:m2:1
# text = Any cart or wagon for carrying goods.
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	cart	cart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	wagon	wagon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
7	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | gerund | any cart or wagon *not said here* | goods |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent goods=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A big dray horse pulled the barrels through the town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x1:1
# text = A big dray horse pulled the barrels through the town.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	dray	dray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	pulled	pull	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	barrels	barrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pull** | past | a big dray horse | the barrels |  | the town |  |  | vn push-12-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent barrel=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Victorian London, drays rattled over the cobbles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x2:1
# text = In Victorian London, drays rattled over the cobbles.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Victorian	Victorian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
3	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	drays	dray	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	rattled	rattle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	cobbles	cobble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rattle** | present · passive |  |  |  | Victorian |  | over the cobbles | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «NP V PP.location»: in victorian=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The brewery shows its drays at the county fair.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x3:1
# text = The brewery shows its drays at the county fair.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	brewery	brewery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	drays	dray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	county	county	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the brewery | brewery's drays |  | the county |  | fair *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent dray=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The barrels were loaded onto the dray.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x4:1
# text = The barrels were loaded onto the dray.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	barrels	barrel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	loaded	load	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	dray	dray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **load** | past · passive |  | the barrels |  | the dray |  |  | vn spray-9.7-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme onto dray=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Shire horses are often used as dray horses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x5:1
# text = Shire horses are often used as dray horses.
1	Shire	Shire	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	dray	dray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Shire horses |  |  |  | as dray horses; often *property* | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as horse=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old Australia, drays carried wool to the ports.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dray:x6:1
# text = In old Australia, drays carried wool to the ports.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	drays	dray	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	wool	wool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	ports	port	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | drays | wool |  | old Australia |  | to the ports | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent wool=Theme to port=Destination |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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