---
title: drudgery — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «drudgery» in the school dictionary: Drudgery is hard, dull work that goes on and on, work that nobody enjoys. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/drudgery/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/) / drudgery

# drudgery

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Drudgery, dull work, work, Washing, Cleaning · **What happens:** be, go, enjoy, wash up, keep, clean · **To what, where:** drudgery, poor boy, floors, hard drudgery

<!-- .vabout -->
«drudgery» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [drudgery in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/drudgery.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Drudgery is hard, dull work that goes on and on, work that nobody enjoys.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drudgery:m1:1
# text = Drudgery is hard, dull work that goes on and on, work that nobody enjoys.
1	Drudgery	drudgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
5	dull	dull	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	goes	go	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	on	on	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	on	on	ADV	RB	_	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	_
14	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
15	nobody	nobody	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Neg	16	nsubj	_	_
16	enjoys	enjoy	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Drudgery |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **go** | present | dull work |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **enjoy** | present | work |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Washing up every night is drudgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drudgery:x1:1
# text = Washing up every night is drudgery.
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	csubj	_	_
2	up	up	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	4	det	_	_
4	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl:unmarked	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	drudgery	drudgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash up** | gerund |  |  |  |  | night |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Washing | drudgery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The poor boy was kept busy with endless drudgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drudgery:x2:1
# text = The poor boy was kept busy with endless drudgery.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	busy	busy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	xcomp	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	endless	endless	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	drudgery	drudgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past · passive |  | the poor boy |  |  |  | with endless drudgery; busy *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cleaning all the floors by hand is hard drudgery.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drudgery:x3:1
# text = Cleaning all the floors by hand is hard drudgery.
1	Cleaning	clean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	csubj	_	_
2	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	4	det:predet	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	floors	floor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	drudgery	drudgery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **clean** | gerund |  | all floors |  |  |  | by hand | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent floor=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Cleaning | hard drudgery |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [drubbing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/drubbing/)
- next →: [drug](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/drug/)
- ↑ back to [D in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/)