---
title: drug — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «drug» in the school dictionary: A medicine used to treat or prevent an illness. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# drug

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** substance, body, people, them, doctor, you · **What happens:** use, treat, prevent, change, work, take in · **To what, where:** medicine, illness, harmful way, drug, someone, them · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«drug» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [drug in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/drug.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A medicine used to treat or prevent an illness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:m1:1
# text = A medicine used to treat or prevent an illness.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	treat	treat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	prevent	prevent	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle · passive |  | a medicine |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **treat** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn equip-13.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **prevent** | infinitive |  | a illness |  |  |  |  | vn forbid-64.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer illness=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substance that changes how the body or mind works and that people may take in a harmful or illegal way.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:m2:1
# text = A substance that changes how the body or mind works and that people may take in a harmful or illegal way.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substance	substance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	mind	mind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
12	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
13	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
14	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	15	aux	_	_
15	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
18	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	conj	_	_
21	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present | a substance |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** | present | the body or mind |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **take in** | may | people | a harmful way |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To give someone or an animal a drug to make them sleep or unable to act.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:m3:1
# text = To give someone or an animal a drug to make them sleep or unable to act.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	give	give	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	sleep	sleep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	unable	unable	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	_
15	to	to	PART	TO	_	16	mark	_	_
16	act	act	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | to-infinitive |  | a drug | someone |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent someone=Recipient drug=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | them *= they* |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **sleep** | infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **act** | to-infinitive | them *= they* *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The doctor gave her a drug to stop the pain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x1:1
# text = The doctor gave her a drug to stop the pain.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the doctor | a drug | her *= she* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent she=Recipient drug=Theme |
| 2 | **stop** | to-infinitive | the doctor *not said here* | the pain |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality pain=Eventuality |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never take pills or drugs from a stranger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x2:1
# text = Never take pills or drugs from a stranger.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	pills	pill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	drugs	drug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stranger	stranger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **take** | imperative | you *not said here* | pills or drugs |  | a stranger |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent pill=Theme from stranger=Initial\_Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The new drug was tested for years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x3:1
# text = The new drug was tested for years.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	tested	test	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **test** | past · passive |  | the new drug |  |  | year |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum bought plasters at the drugstore.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x4:1
# text = Mum bought plasters at the drugstore.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	bought	buy	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	plasters	plaster	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	drugstore	drugstore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | past | Mum | plasters |  | the drugstore |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source NP.asset»: agent=Agent plaster=Theme at drugstore=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The vet drugged the lion so it would sleep.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x5:1
# text = The vet drugged the lion so it would sleep.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	vet	vet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	drugged	drug	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lion	lion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	sleep	sleep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drug** | past | the vet |  | the lion |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent lion=Destination |
| 2 | **sleep** | would | vet |  |  |  |  |  | vn snooze-40.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some drugs are illegal because they are dangerous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x6:1
# text = Some drugs are illegal because they are dangerous.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	drugs	drug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	illegal	illegal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
8	dangerous	dangerous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | some drugs |  |  |  |  | illegal *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | drugs *= drug* |  |  |  |  | dangerous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Athletes are given drug tests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x7:1
# text = Athletes are given drug tests.
1	Athletes	athlete	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	drug	drug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present · passive |  | Athletes |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient test=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
None of my drugs will avail to cure you, but, if you are willing to pay me handsomely, I can tell you how you may be cured.’

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:drug:x8:1
# text = None of my drugs will avail to cure you, but, if you are willing to pay me handsomely, I can tell you how you may be cured.’
1	None	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	6	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	drugs	drug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	avail	avail	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	cure	cure	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
11	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	if	if	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	cop	_	_
16	willing	willing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	advcl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	18	iobj	_	_
20	handsomely	handsomely	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	24	nsubj	_	_
23	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	tell	tell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	conj	_	_
25	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	24	iobj	_	_
26	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	30	advmod	_	_
27	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	30	nsubj:pass	_	_
28	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	30	aux	_	_
29	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	aux:pass	_	_
30	cured	cure	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	24	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **avail** | future | None |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **cure** | to-infinitive | None *not said here* | you |  |  |  |  | vn free-10.6.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Causer you=Source |
| 3 | **is** *a condition, not said to happen* | present | you |  |  |  |  | willing *property* | tree rules |
| 4 | **pay** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  | me |  |  | handsomely *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Asset |
| 5 | **tell** *speech: assert* | can | I |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent you=Recipient |
| 6 | **cure** | may · passive |  | you |  |  |  |  | vn free-10.6.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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