---
title: duchess — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «duchess» in the school dictionary: A duchess is a woman who is married to a duke, or a woman who holds the rank of duke herself. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# duchess

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** duchess, woman, Duke, you, bus driver, your · **What happens:** be, marry, hold, tease, speak, seem · **To what, where:** woman, rank, friendly way, hospital, crowd, dress · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«duchess» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [duchess in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/duchess.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A duchess is a woman who is married to a duke, or a woman who holds the rank of duke herself.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:m1:1
# text = A duchess is a woman who is married to a duke, or a woman who holds the rank of duke herself.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duchess	duchess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	married	marry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
16	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	17	nsubj	_	_
17	holds	hold	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	acl:relcl	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	_
22	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a duchess | a woman |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **marry** | present · passive |  | a woman |  |  |  | to a duke | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.co-patient»: subject=Patient to duke=Co-Patient |
| 3 | **hold** | present | a woman | the rank of duke |  |  |  |  | vn conjecture-29.5 «NP V NP to be NP»: agent=Agent rank=Theme herself=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, UK — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Duchess" is sometimes a friendly or teasing way to speak to a woman, especially one who seems grand.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:m2:1
# text = "Duchess" is sometimes a friendly or teasing way to speak to a woman, especially one who seems grand.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Duchess	duchess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
5	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	10	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	teasing	tease	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	conj	_	_
10	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	woman	woman	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	appos	_	_
19	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	seems	seem	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	grand	grand	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tease** | gerund | Duchess *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn ferret-35.6 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Duchess | a friendly way |  |  |  | sometimes *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | to a woman | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent to woman=Co-Agent |
| 4 | **seem** | present |  |  |  |  |  | grand *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Duchess visited a children's hospital.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x1:1
# text = The Duchess visited a children's hospital.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Duchess	Duchess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	hospital	hospital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | the Duchess | a children's hospital |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hospital=Co-Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Duke and Duchess waved to the crowd.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x2:1
# text = The Duke and Duchess waved to the crowd.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Duchess	Duchess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	waved	wave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wave** | past | the Duke and Duchess |  | the crowd |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to crowd=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the story the duchess wore a dress covered in jewels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x3:1
# text = In the story the duchess wore a dress covered in jewels.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	duchess	duchess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dress	dress	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	jewels	jewel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the duchess | a dress |  | the story |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent dress=Theme |
| 2 | **cover** | participle |  | a dress *not said here* |  |  |  | in jewels | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent in jewel=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A duchess is addressed as "Your Grace".

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x4:1
# text = A duchess is addressed as "Your Grace".
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duchess	duchess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	addressed	address	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	Grace	Grace	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **address** | present · passive |  | a duchess |  |  |  | as Your Grace | vn illustrate-25.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The duchess opened the new library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x5:1
# text = The duchess opened the new library.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duchess	duchess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the duchess | the new library |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location library=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Mind your step, Duchess," joked the bus driver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x6:1
# text = "Mind your step, Duchess," joked the bus driver.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Mind	mind	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	step	step	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	Duchess	Duchess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	_
9	joked	joke	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mind** *in a quote* | imperative | you *not said here* | your step |  |  |  | Duchess *obl* | vn caring-75.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent step=Theme |
| 2 | **joke** *speech: other* | past | the bus driver |  |  |  |  |  | vn chit\_chat-37.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **step** *in a quote* |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom step «act transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meanwhile the Duchess Grumbly was also occupied in attiring herself.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duchess:x7:1
# text = Meanwhile the Duchess Grumbly was also occupied in attiring herself.
1	Meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	Duchess	Duchess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	Grumbly	Grumbly	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	also	also	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	occupied	occupied	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	attiring	attire	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
10	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the Duchess Grumbly |  |  |  |  | meanwhile, occupied *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **attire** | gerund | the Duchess Grumbly *not said here* | herself *= she* |  |  |  |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent herself=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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