---
title: duke — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «duke» in the school dictionary: A duke is a man of the highest rank of the nobility below a prince, in Britain and some other countries; he has a title such as "the Duke of York". Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# duke

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** duke, man, small land, dukes, William, cartoon boxer · **What happens:** be, have, rule, call, put up, get · **To what, where:** man, title, small land, history, duchy, fists · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«duke» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [duke in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/duke.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A duke is a man of the highest rank of the nobility below a prince, in Britain and some other countries; he has a title such as "the Duke of York".

<!-- fold The tree, 31 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:m1:1
# text = A duke is a man of the highest rank of the nobility below a prince, in Britain and some other countries; he has a title such as "the Duke of York".
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	9	amod	_	_
9	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	nobility	nobility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	below	below	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	prince	prince	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
20	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	22	det	_	_
21	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	25	punct	_	_
24	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	title	title	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
28	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
29	as	as	ADP	IN	_	28	fixed	_	_
30	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	appos	_	_
33	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
34	York	York	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	32	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a duke | a man |  |  |  | of the highest rank of the nobility below a prince | tree rules |
| 2 | **have** | present | man | a title |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent title=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In history, a duke ruled a small land called a duchy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:m2:1
# text = In history, a duke ruled a small land called a duchy.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	ruled	rule	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	duchy	duchy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rule** | past | a duke | a small land |  | history |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent land=Theme |
| 2 | **call** | participle | a small land *not said here* | a duchy |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent duchy=Recipient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old slang, «dukes» — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your dukes are your fists, as in "put up your dukes" (get ready to fight).

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:m3:1
# text = Your dukes are your fists, as in "put up your dukes" (get ready to fight).
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	dukes	duke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	fists	fist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
7	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	fixed	_	_
9	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
11	up	up	ADP	RP	_	10	compound:prt	_	_
12	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	13	nmod:poss	_	_
13	dukes	duke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
15	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
17	ready	ready	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	xcomp	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	fight	fight	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Your dukes | your fists |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **put up** *in a quote* | infinitive |  | your dukes |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **get** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | ready *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **fight** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Duke of Wellington was a famous general.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x1:1
# text = The Duke of Wellington was a famous general.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Wellington	Wellington	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	general	general	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Duke of Wellington | a famous general |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The duke lived in a huge castle with a hundred rooms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x2:1
# text = The duke lived in a huge castle with a hundred rooms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	rooms	room	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the duke |  |  | a huge castle with hundred rooms |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in castle=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Prince William is also the Duke of Cambridge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x3:1
# text = Prince William is also the Duke of Cambridge.
1	Prince	Prince	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod:desc	_	_
2	William	William	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Cambridge	Cambridge	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | William  Prince | the Duke |  |  |  | of Cambridge | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Duke and Duchess waved from the carriage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x4:1
# text = The Duke and Duchess waved from the carriage.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	Duchess	Duchess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	waved	wave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	carriage	carriage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wave** | past | the Duke and Duchess |  |  | the carriage |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the fairy tale, the duke wanted to marry the princess.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x5:1
# text = In the fairy tale, the duke wanted to marry the princess.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	fairy	fairy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	wanted	want	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	marry	marry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	princess	princess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | past | the duke |  |  | the fairy tale |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **marry** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | the duke *not said here* | the princess |  |  |  |  | vn amalgamate-22.2-3-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent princess=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Put up your dukes!" shouted the cartoon boxer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x6:1
# text = "Put up your dukes!" shouted the cartoon boxer.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	ccomp	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	dukes	duke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
8	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	boxer	boxer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put up** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  | your dukes |  |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent duke=Goal |
| 2 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | the cartoon boxer |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The duke's land was called a duchy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x7:1
# text = The duke's land was called a duchy.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duke	duke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	duchy	duchy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past · passive |  | the duke's land |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
‘Choose, then,’ said the Duke, ‘whichever you prefer.’

<!-- fold The tree, 8 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duke:x8:1
# text = ‘Choose, then,’ said the Duke, ‘whichever you prefer.’
1	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Choose	choose	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Duke	Duke	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	‘	'	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	whichever	whichever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
13	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	14	nsubj	_	_
14	prefer	prefer	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **choose** | infinitive |  |  |  |  | then |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Duke |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **prefer** | present | you | whichever *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer whichever=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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