---
title: dump — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dump» in the school dictionary: To dump something is to put it down or drop it carelessly or roughly. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dump

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** dump, you, We, Dumping, room, Mum · **What happens:** dump, be, drop, not allow, take, leave · **To what, where:** something, it, rubbish, place, dirty place, boyfriend · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«dump» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dump in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dump.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To dump something is to put it down or drop it carelessly or roughly.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m1:1
# text = To dump something is to put it down or drop it carelessly or roughly.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	dump	dump	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	drop	drop	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	carelessly	carelessly	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | put *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **drop** | infinitive |  | it |  |  |  | carelessly *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To dump rubbish is to get rid of it, especially in a place where it is not allowed.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m2:1
# text = To dump rubbish is to get rid of it, especially in a place where it is not allowed.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	dump	dump	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	get	get	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	rid	rid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	xcomp	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
15	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	19	advmod	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
18	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
19	allowed	allow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | to-infinitive |  | rubbish |  |  |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent rubbish=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | a place |  | get, rid *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **not** **allow** | present · passive |  | rubbish |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Beneficiary |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dump (or tip, in UK/Australia) is a place where rubbish is taken and left.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m3:1
# text = A dump (or tip, in UK/Australia) is a place where rubbish is taken and left.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	tip	tip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	UK/Australia	UK/Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
13	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	16	advmod	_	_
14	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl:relcl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a dump | a place |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **take** | present · passive |  | rubbish |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dump is a dirty, messy or ugly place.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m4:1
# text = A dump is a dirty, messy or ugly place.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
5	dirty	dirty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	messy	messy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	ugly	ugly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a dump | a dirty place |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To dump a boyfriend or girlfriend is to end the relationship.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m5:1
# text = To dump a boyfriend or girlfriend is to end the relationship.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	dump	dump	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	boyfriend	boyfriend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	girlfriend	girlfriend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	end	end	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	relationship	relationship	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | to-infinitive |  |  | a boyfriend or girlfriend |  |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent boyfriend=Destination |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | end *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, a bit rude — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To have a dump or take a dump is to go to the toilet to poo.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m6:1
# text = To have a dump or take a dump is to go to the toilet to poo.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	advcl	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	go	go	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	toilet	toilet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	poo	poo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | to-infinitive |  | a dump |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dump=Patient |
| 2 | **take** | infinitive |  | a dump |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dump=Theme |
| 3 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | to the toilet; to poo; go *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Down in the dumps" means sad.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m7:1
# text = "Down in the dumps" means sad.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Down	down	ADV	RB	_	7	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dumps	dump	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	sad	sad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  | sad *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A dump can also be a heavy, dull thud, the sound of something heavy falling.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:m8:1
# text = A dump can also be a heavy, dull thud, the sound of something heavy falling.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
4	also	also	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
7	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
9	dull	dull	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	thud	thud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	nmod	_	_
16	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
17	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	16	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a dump | a heavy dull thud and the sound of something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **fall** | gerund | a dump *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't dump your bag in the hallway.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x1:1
# text = Don't dump your bag in the hallway.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	dump	dump	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bag	bag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hallway	hallway	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **dump** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | your bag |  | the hallway |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent bag=Theme in hallway=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We took the old sofa to the dump.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x2:1
# text = We took the old sofa to the dump.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	sofa	sofa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | We | the old sofa |  | the dump |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent sofa=Theme to dump=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dumping rubbish in the river is against the law.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x3:1
# text = Dumping rubbish in the river is against the law.
1	Dumping	dump	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	9	csubj	_	_
2	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	against	against	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	law	law	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | gerund |  | rubbish |  | the river |  |  | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent rubbish=Theme in river=Trajectory |
| 2 | **is** | present | Dumping |  |  |  |  | against the law | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My room is a dump, Mum says.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x4:1
# text = My room is a dump, Mum says.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	says	say	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My room | a dump |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Mum | a dump *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent dump=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was down in the dumps after losing the game.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x5:1
# text = She was down in the dumps after losing the game.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	down	down	ADV	RB	_	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	dumps	dump	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	losing	lose	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | She |  |  | the dumps |  | down *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **lose** | gerund | the dumps *not said here* | the game |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent game=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dump truck tipped out the sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x6:1
# text = The dump truck tipped out the sand.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	truck	truck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	tipped	tip	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **tip out** | participle | the dump truck *not said here* | the sand |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He dumped his girlfriend by text, which was unkind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x7:1
# text = He dumped his girlfriend by text, which was unkind.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	dumped	dump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	girlfriend	girlfriend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
9	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
10	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | past | He | his girlfriend |  |  |  | by text | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent girlfriend=Theme by text=Trajectory |
| 2 | **is** | past | text |  |  |  |  | unkind *property* | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lorry dumped 5 tonnes of gravel, then 3 more, so 8 tonnes in all.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x8:1
# text = The lorry dumped 5 tonnes of gravel, then 3 more, so 8 tonnes in all.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lorry	lorry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	dumped	dump	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	tonnes	tonne	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	gravel	gravel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	11	advmod	_	_
10	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	so	so	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	8	8	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	tonnes	tonne	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dump** | past | the lorry | 5 tonnes of gravel |  |  |  | 8 tonnes in all *obl* | vn funnel-9.3-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent tonne=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He came down on his feet quite unhurt, but the little black dog heard the dump, and rushed out of its kennel at once.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dump:x9:1
# text = He came down on his feet quite unhurt, but the little black dog heard the dump, and rushed out of its kennel at once.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	down	down	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	unhurt	unhurt	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
10	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	heard	hear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	dump	dump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	rushed	rush	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	_
21	out	out	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	24	nmod:poss	_	_
24	kennel	kennel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	_
25	at	at	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come down** | past | He |  |  | his feet |  | down *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on foot=Location |
| 2 | **hear** | past | the little black dog | the dump |  |  |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer dump=Stimulus |
| 3 | **rush out** | past |  | dog's kennel |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent kennel=Theme at once=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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