---
title: dung — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dung» in the school dictionary: Dung is the solid waste, or poo, of animals, especially large animals like cows, horses and elephants. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/dung/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/) / dung

# dung

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Dung, plants, dung beetle, Farmers, crops, Elephant dung · **What happens:** be, use, help, grow, dry, burn · **To what, where:** solid waste, Dung, farms, plants, places, ball · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«dung» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dung in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dung.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dung is the solid waste, or poo, of animals, especially large animals like cows, horses and elephants.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:m1:1
# text = Dung is the solid waste, or poo, of animals, especially large animals like cows, horses and elephants.
1	Dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	solid	solid	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	poo	poo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
14	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
16	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	cows	cow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	horses	horse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dung | the solid waste or poo |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dung is used on farms as manure to help plants grow, and in some places it is dried and burned as fuel.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:m2:1
# text = Dung is used on farms as manure to help plants grow, and in some places it is dried and burned as fuel.
1	Dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
6	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	manure	manure	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
10	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
14	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	16	det	_	_
16	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux:pass	_	_
19	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	burned	burn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	19	conj	_	_
22	as	as	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	fuel	fuel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Dung |  | farms as manure |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive |  | plants |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent plant=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **grow** | infinitive | plants *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **dry** | present · passive |  | Dung |  | some places |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Result |
| 5 | **burn** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | as fuel | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dung beetle rolled a ball of dung across the sand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x1:1
# text = The dung beetle rolled a ball of dung across the sand.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	rolled	roll	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ball	ball	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	across	across	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	sand	sand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **roll** | past | the dung beetle | a ball of dung |  | the sand |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent ball=Theme across sand=Trajectory |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers spread cow dung on the fields to help crops grow.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x2:1
# text = Farmers spread cow dung on the fields to help crops grow.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spread	spread	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fields	field	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
10	crops	crop	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	_
11	grow	grow	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | Farmers | cow dung |  | the fields |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent dung=Theme on field=Destination |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive | Farmers *not said here* | crops |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent crop=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 3 | **grow** | infinitive | crops *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Elephant dung is full of seeds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x3:1
# text = Elephant dung is full of seeds.
1	Elephant	elephant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	seeds	seed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Elephant dung |  |  |  |  | of seeds; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In some villages dried dung is used as fuel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x4:1
# text = In some villages dried dung is used as fuel.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
3	villages	village	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	_
4	dried	dry	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	amod	_	_
5	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	fuel	fuel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dry** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **use** | present · passive |  | dried dung |  | some villages |  | as fuel | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as fuel=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The smell of horse dung filled the stable.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x5:1
# text = The smell of horse dung filled the stable.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	filled	fill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	stable	stable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | past | the smell of horse dung | the stable |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent stable=Patient |
| 2 | **smell** |  | horse dung |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists study dung to find out what animals eat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x6:1
# text = Scientists study dung to find out what animals eat.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	find	find	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	9	obj	_	_
8	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | Scientists | dung |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dung=Topic |
| 2 | **find out** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **eat** | present | animals |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Watch out for the cow dung in the field!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x7:1
# text = Watch out for the cow dung in the field!
1	Watch	watch	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	out	out	ADP	RP	_	1	compound:prt	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch out** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the field |  | for the cow dung | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.theme NP.location»: agent=Agent for dung=Theme in field=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"Perhaps you came from a dung-heap," observed the oldest of them.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dung:x8:1
# text = "Perhaps you came from a dung-heap," observed the oldest of them.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Perhaps	perhaps	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	dung	dung	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	heap	heap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	_
12	observed	observe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	oldest	old	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	12	ccomp	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** *in a quote* | past | you |  |  | a dung heap |  | perhaps *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from heap=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **observe** | past | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [dune](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/dune/)
- next →: [dungeon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/dungeon/)
- ↑ back to [D in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/)