---
title: duplication — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «duplication» in the school dictionary: Making an exact copy of something, or the copy itself. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# duplication

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Doing, We, Duplication, two groups, Gene duplication, Copying · **What happens:** make, copy, do, be, split, avoid · **To what, where:** exact copy, something, same work, chromosome, tasks, duplication

<!-- .vabout -->
«duplication» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [duplication in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/duplication.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Making an exact copy of something, or the copy itself.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:m1:1
# text = Making an exact copy of something, or the copy itself.
1	Making	make	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	exact	exact	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	copy	copy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
11	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Emp|Reflex=Yes	10	nmod:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | gerund |  | a exact copy of something |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |
| 2 | **copy** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom copy «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Doing the same work twice when once would be enough; unnecessary repeating.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:m2:1
# text = Doing the same work twice when once would be enough; unnecessary repeating.
1	Doing	do	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	10	csubj	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	1	advmod	_	_
6	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
7	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	5	obl	_	_
8	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	cop	_	_
10	enough	enough	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	unnecessary	unnecessary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	repeating	repeating	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | gerund |  | the same work |  |  |  | twice *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent work=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is** | would | Doing |  |  |  |  | enough *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A part of a chromosome or gene that is copied twice.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:m3:1
# text = A part of a chromosome or gene that is copied twice.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	chromosome	chromosome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	gene	gene	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	copied	copy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl:relcl	_	_
11	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | present · passive |  | a chromosome or gene |  |  |  | twice *property* | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We split the tasks to avoid duplication.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x1:1
# text = We split the tasks to avoid duplication.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	split	split	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	tasks	task	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
7	duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **split** | past | We | the tasks |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent task=Patient |
| 2 | **avoid** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* | duplication |  |  |  |  | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent duplication=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The duplication of keys was done at the hardware shop.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x2:1
# text = The duplication of keys was done at the hardware shop.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	keys	key	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	hardware	hardware	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | past · passive |  | the duplication of keys |  | the hardware shop |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Duplication of the photo made two identical copies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x3:1
# text = Duplication of the photo made two identical copies.
1	Duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
7	identical	identical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	copies	copy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Duplication of the photo | two identical copies |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset copy=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was some duplication: two groups wrote the same poster.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x4:1
# text = There was some duplication: two groups wrote the same poster.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	det	_	_
4	duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | some duplication |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **write** | past | two groups | the same poster |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poster=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Gene duplication can lead to new features in living things.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x5:1
# text = Gene duplication can lead to new features in living things.
1	Gene	gene	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lead	lead	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | can | Gene duplication |  |  | living things |  | to new features | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition to feature=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Copying and pasting caused a duplication in my list.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:duplication:x6:1
# text = Copying and pasting caused a duplication in my list.
1	Copying	copy	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	pasting	pasting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	caused	cause	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	duplication	duplication	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	list	list	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **cause** | past | Copying | a duplication |  | my list |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition duplication=Patient |
| 3 | **list** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom list «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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