---
title: durham — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «durham» in the school dictionary: A city in north-east England, famous for its very old cathedral and castle on a hill above the river Wear, and for its university. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/durham/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [D](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/) / durham

# durham

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Durham Cathedral, My, We, Durham, miners, Jevons · **What happens:** name, stand, study, drive, be, hold · **To what, where:** old breed, river, Durham University, County, city, North Carolina

<!-- .vabout -->
«durham» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [durham in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/durham.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A city in north-east England, famous for its very old cathedral and castle on a hill above the river Wear, and for its university.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:m1:1
# text = A city in north-east England, famous for its very old cathedral and castle on a hill above the river Wear, and for its university.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	north	north	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	east	east	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	14	nmod:poss	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
20	above	above	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	Wear	Wear	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	28	punct	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
26	for	for	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	28	nmod:poss	_	_
28	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The county around it, County Durham.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:m2:1
# text = The county around it, County Durham.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	county	county	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	around	around	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	County	County	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A city in North Carolina, USA, and a region in Ontario, Canada.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:m3:1
# text = A city in North Carolina, USA, and a region in Ontario, Canada.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Carolina	Carolina	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Ontario	Ontario	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: rare — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surname, and the name of an old breed of shorthorn cattle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:m4:1
# text = A surname, and the name of an old breed of shorthorn cattle.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surname	surname	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	breed	breed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	shorthorn	shorthorn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **name** |  |  | a old breed of shorthorn cattle |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Durham Cathedral stands high above the river.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x1:1
# text = Durham Cathedral stands high above the river.
1	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Cathedral	Cathedral	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	stands	stand	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	high	high	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
5	above	above	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	river	river	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | Durham Cathedral |  |  | the river |  | high *property* | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent above river=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin studies at Durham University.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x2:1
# text = My cousin studies at Durham University.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	studies	study	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	University	University	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** |  | My |  |  | Durham University |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: poss=agent at=place |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We drove through County Durham on our way to Scotland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x3:1
# text = We drove through County Durham on our way to Scotland.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drove	drive	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	County	County	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | past | We |  |  | County |  | on our way to Scotland | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent through county=Trajectory |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Durham is a city in North Carolina too.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x4:1
# text = Durham is a city in North Carolina too.
1	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Carolina	Carolina	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	too	too	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Durham | a city |  | North Carolina |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The miners of County Durham held a big gala every summer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x5:1
# text = The miners of County Durham held a big gala every summer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	miners	miner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	County	County	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	flat	_	_
6	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	gala	gala	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | the miners of County | a big gala |  |  | summer |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gala=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Jevons has heard it in the neighbourhood of Durham; while a further version appeared in Monthly Chronicle of North Country Folk-Lore.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:durham:x6:1
# text = Jevons has heard it in the neighbourhood of Durham; while a further version appeared in Monthly Chronicle of North Country Folk-Lore.
1	Jevons	Jevons	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	heard	hear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	neighbourhood	neighbourhood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Durham	Durham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	further	further	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	version	version	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
15	appeared	appear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	Monthly	Monthly	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	Chronicle	Chronicle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
21	Country	Country	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
22	Folk	Folk	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	24	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	Lore	Lore	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hear** | present · perfect | Jevons | it |  | the neighbourhood of Durham |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 2 | **appear** | past | a further version |  |  | Monthly Chronicle of North Country |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in chronicle=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [duration](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/duration/)
- next →: [durian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/durian/)
- ↑ back to [D in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/D/)