---
title: dwarfism — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dwarfism» in the school dictionary: A condition in which a person or animal grows much shorter than usual, often because of their genes. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dwarfism

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** condition, island dwarfism, animals, Dwarfism, medical condition, person · **What happens:** grow, be, become, affect, live, make · **To what, where:** biology, medical condition, full lives, ancient elephants, kind, dwarfism · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«dwarfism» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dwarfism in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dwarfism.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A condition in which a person or animal grows much shorter than usual, often because of their genes.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:m1:1
# text = A condition in which a person or animal grows much shorter than usual, often because of their genes.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	obl	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	much	much	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	shorter	short	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	9	xcomp	_	_
12	than	than	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
16	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	19	case	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	fixed	_	_
18	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	19	nmod:poss	_	_
19	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | a condition  a person or animal |  |  |  |  | because person's genes; short *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In biology, «island dwarfism» is when animals on islands become small over many generations.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:m2:1
# text = In biology, «island dwarfism» is when animals on islands become small over many generations.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	biology	biology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	13	mark	_	_
10	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
11	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
13	become	become	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	advcl	_	_
14	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	over	over	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	generations	generation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | island dwarfism |  |  | biology |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in biology=Location |
| 2 | **become** | present | animals on islands |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dwarfism is a medical condition that affects how tall a person grows.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x1:1
# text = Dwarfism is a medical condition that affects how tall a person grows.
1	Dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	medical	medical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	affects	affect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
9	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dwarfism | a medical condition |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **affect** | present | a medical condition |  |  |  |  | tall *property* | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **grow** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People with dwarfism live full lives as actors, doctors, teachers and athletes.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x2:1
# text = People with dwarfism live full lives as actors, doctors, teachers and athletes.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	lives	life	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	actors	actor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	doctors	doctor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	teachers	teacher	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	athletes	athlete	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | People with dwarfism | full lives |  |  |  | as actors and doctors and teachers and athletes | vn lodge-46 «NP V ADV»: agent=Theme life=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Island dwarfism made some ancient elephants as small as ponies.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x3:1
# text = Island dwarfism made some ancient elephants as small as ponies.
1	Island	Island	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	elephants	elephant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	as	as	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	ponies	pony	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Island dwarfism | some ancient elephants |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset elephant=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some breeds of dog have a kind of dwarfism.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x4:1
# text = Some breeds of dog have a kind of dwarfism.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	breeds	breed	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | some breeds of dog | a kind of dwarfism |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent kind=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class learned that dwarfism is often caused by genes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x5:1
# text = Our class learned that dwarfism is often caused by genes.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	dwarfism	dwarfism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	often	often	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	ccomp	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	genes	gene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | Our class |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **cause** | present · passive | genes | dwarfism |  |  |  | often *property* | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It is unkind to make jokes about someone's height.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dwarfism:x6:1
# text = It is unkind to make jokes about someone's height.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	unkind	unkind	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	jokes	joke	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	height	height	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | It |  |  |  |  | unkind *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | jokes |  |  |  | about someone's height | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset joke=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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