---
title: dyslexia — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «dyslexia» in the school dictionary: Dyslexia is a common difference in how the brain works with words, which makes reading, spelling and sometimes writing harder, even for clever people. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# dyslexia

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Dyslexia, brain, words, friend, Many famous artists, teacher · **What happens:** be, work, make, write, have, describe · **To what, where:** common difference, reading, dyslexia, Someone, coloured overlay, spelling

<!-- .vabout -->
«dyslexia» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [dyslexia in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/dyslexia.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dyslexia is a common difference in how the brain works with words, which makes reading, spelling and sometimes writing harder, even for clever people.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:m1:1
# text = Dyslexia is a common difference in how the brain works with words, which makes reading, spelling and sometimes writing harder, even for clever people.
1	Dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	difference	difference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
7	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	10	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	brain	brain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	works	work	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	15	nsubj	_	_
15	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	acl:relcl	_	_
16	reading	reading	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	21	advmod	_	_
21	writing	write	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	15	conj	_	_
22	harder	hard	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
24	even	even	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
25	for	for	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	clever	clever	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dyslexia | a common difference |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** | present | the brain |  |  |  |  | with words | vn cooperate-73.1-3 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.theme»: agent=Agent with word=Co-Agent |
| 3 | **make** | present | words | reading and spelling |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset reading=Product |
| 4 | **write** | gerund | words *not said here* |  |  |  |  | hard, sometimes *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Someone who has dyslexia is described as dyslexic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:m2:1
# text = Someone who has dyslexia is described as dyslexic.
1	Someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	described	describe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	dyslexic	dyslexic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present |  | dyslexia |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dyslexia=Patient |
| 2 | **describe** | present · passive |  | Someone |  |  |  | as dyslexic | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: subject=Theme as dyslexic=Attribute |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend has dyslexia, so she uses a coloured overlay to read.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x1:1
# text = My friend has dyslexia, so she uses a coloured overlay to read.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	coloured	coloured	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	overlay	overlay	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My friend | dyslexia |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dyslexia=Patient |
| 2 | **use** | present | friend | a coloured overlay |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent overlay=Patient |
| 3 | **read** | to-infinitive | friend *not said here* | a coloured overlay *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dyslexia makes spelling hard, but he is brilliant at maths.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x2:1
# text = Dyslexia makes spelling hard, but he is brilliant at maths.
1	Dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	brilliant	brilliant	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	_
10	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Dyslexia | spelling |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset spelling=Product |
| 2 | **is** | present | Dyslexia |  |  | maths |  | brilliant *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many famous artists and scientists have dyslexia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x3:1
# text = Many famous artists and scientists have dyslexia.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	artists	artist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Many famous artists and scientists | dyslexia |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dyslexia=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher printed the worksheet in a dyslexia-friendly font.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x4:1
# text = The teacher printed the worksheet in a dyslexia-friendly font.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	printed	print	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	worksheet	worksheet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	friendly	friendly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	font	font	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **print** | past | the teacher | the worksheet |  | a friendly font |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent worksheet=Theme in font=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dyslexic pupils can have extra time in tests.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x5:1
# text = Dyslexic pupils can have extra time in tests.
1	Dyslexic	dyslexic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	have	have	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	extra	extra	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	tests	test	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | can | Dyslexic pupils |  |  |  | time |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Audiobooks help my cousin who has dyslexia enjoy stories.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:dyslexia:x6:1
# text = Audiobooks help my cousin who has dyslexia enjoy stories.
1	Audiobooks	audiobook	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	help	help	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	dyslexia	dyslexia	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	enjoy	enjoy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Audiobooks | my cousin |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cousin=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **have** | present | my cousin |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **enjoy** | infinitive | my cousin *not said here* | stories |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer story=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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