---
title: earmarks — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «earmarks» in the school dictionary: money in a budget set aside for a politician's favourite local projects, often criticised as waste. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# earmarks

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** politician, bill, school, Critics, council, Farmers · **What happens:** set, criticise, project, set aside, be, earmark · **To what, where:** budget, favourite local projects, money, 500 dollars, earmarks, field · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«earmarks» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [earmarks in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/earmarks.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: US politics — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
money in a budget set aside for a politician's favourite local projects, often criticised as waste.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:m1:1
# text = money in a budget set aside for a politician's favourite local projects, often criticised as waste.
1	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	budget	budget	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	set	set	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	aside	aside	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	politician	politician	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	favourite	favourite	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	projects	project	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	often	often	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	criticised	criticise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
17	as	as	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set** | participle |  | a budget *not said here* |  |  |  | for a politician's favourite local projects; aside *property* | vn preparing-26.3-2 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for project=Beneficiary |
| 2 | **criticise** | participle |  | a politician's favourite local projects *not said here* |  |  |  | as waste; often *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **project** |  | a politician |  |  |  |  |  | nom project «act transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
to set aside money or something for a purpose.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:m2:1
# text = to set aside money or something for a purpose.
1	to	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	set	set	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	aside	aside	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	conj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **set aside** | to-infinitive |  | money |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Patient money=Result |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: literal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
a mark on an animal's ear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:m3:1
# text = a mark on an animal's ear.
1	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mark	mark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bill was full of earmarks for local bridges and museums.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x1:1
# text = The bill was full of earmarks for local bridges and museums.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bill	bill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	earmarks	earmark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	bridges	bridge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	museums	museum	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the bill |  |  |  |  | of earmarks; for local bridges and museums; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The school earmarked 500 dollars for new books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x2:1
# text = The school earmarked 500 dollars for new books.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	earmarked	earmark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **earmark** | past | the school | 500 dollars |  |  |  | for new books | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Critics call earmarks a waste of tax money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x3:1
# text = Critics call earmarks a waste of tax money.
1	Critics	critic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	call	call	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	earmarks	earmark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	xcomp	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	tax	tax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | present | Critics | earmarks |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent earmark=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The council earmarked the field for a new park.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x4:1
# text = The council earmarked the field for a new park.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	earmarked	earmark	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **earmark** | past | the council | the field |  |  |  | for a new park | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers once put earmarks on sheep to show the owner.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x5:1
# text = Farmers once put earmarks on sheep to show the owner.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	3	advmod	_	_
3	put	put	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	earmarks	earmark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	show	show	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	owner	owner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | past | Farmers | earmarks |  |  |  | on sheep; once *property* | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent earmark=Theme on sheep=Destination |
| 2 | **show** | to-infinitive | Farmers *not said here* | the owner |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent owner=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The senator defended his earmarks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:earmarks:x6:1
# text = The senator defended his earmarks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	senator	senator	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	defended	defend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	earmarks	earmark	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **defend** | past | the senator | senator's earmarks |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent earmark=Beneficiary |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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