---
title: economics — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «economics» in the school dictionary: The study of how people, businesses and countries make, buy, sell and use money, goods and services. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# economics

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** study, economics, sister, we, prices, She · **What happens:** make, buy, sell, use, study, not work · **To what, where:** money, people, economics, university, bread, cheap · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«economics» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [economics in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/economics.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The study of how people, businesses and countries make, buy, sell and use money, goods and services.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:m1:1
# text = The study of how people, businesses and countries make, buy, sell and use money, goods and services.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	businesses	business	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
10	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	buy	buy	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
14	sell	sell	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	14	conj	_	_
17	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
19	goods	goods	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	17	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
21	services	service	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | the study of people and businesses and countries |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **buy** | infinitive | the study of people and businesses and countries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **sell** | infinitive | the study of people and businesses and countries *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **use** | infinitive | the study of people and businesses and countries *not said here* | money and goods and services |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Patient |
| 5 | **study** |  |  | people and businesses and countries |  |  |  |  | nom study «act transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The money side of a plan or business.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:m2:1
# text = The money side of a plan or business.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	plan	plan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

<!-- .note -->
The example in this meaning, parsed on its own:

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The economics of the plan don't work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:m2e:1
# text = The economics of the plan don't work.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	plan	plan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **work** | present · do-support | the economics of the plan |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My sister studies economics at university.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x1:1
# text = My sister studies economics at university.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	sister	sister	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | My sister | economics |  | university |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent economics=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Economics is about how people choose to spend money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x2:1
# text = Economics is about how people choose to spend money.
1	Economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	choose	choose	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	spend	spend	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Economics |  |  |  |  | choose *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **spend** | to-infinitive | Economics *not said here* | money |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Asset |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In home economics we baked bread.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x3:1
# text = In home economics we baked bread.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	5	obl	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	baked	bake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bake** | past | we | bread |  |  |  | in home economics | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent bread=Patient in economics=Instrument |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The economics of the shop are simple: buy cheap, sell a little dearer.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x4:1
# text = The economics of the shop are simple: buy cheap, sell a little dearer.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
9	buy	buy	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
10	cheap	cheap	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	sell	sell	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	little	little	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	15	advmod	_	_
15	dearer	dear	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the economics of the shop |  |  |  |  | simple *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **buy** | infinitive |  | cheap |  |  |  |  | vn accept-77.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cheap=Theme |
| 3 | **sell** | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | dear *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Economics helps explain why prices go up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x5:1
# text = Economics helps explain why prices go up.
1	Economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	explain	explain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
4	why	why	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	up	up	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Economics |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **explain** *speech: assert* | infinitive | Economics *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **go up** | present | prices |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She wants to teach economics one day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:economics:x6:1
# text = She wants to teach economics one day.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	wants	want	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	teach	teach	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	economics	economics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	4	obj	_	_
6	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | present | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **teach** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | She *not said here* | economics |  |  | day |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent economics=Recipient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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