---
title: elements — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «elements» in the school dictionary: Parts or features that make up something: «the elements of a story». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# elements

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** features, Hydrogen, elements, shed, We, formal Police · **What happens:** make up, make, be, include, protect, learn · **To what, where:** something, Pure substances, elements, hook, bikes, basic elements

<!-- .vabout -->
«elements» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [elements in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/elements.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Parts or features that make up something: «the elements of a story».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:m1:1
# text = Parts or features that make up something: «the elements of a story».
1	Parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	_
5	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	appos	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make up** | present | features | something |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme something=Pivot |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pure substances made of one kind of atom each, such as hydrogen and carbon.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:m2:1
# text = Pure substances made of one kind of atom each, such as hydrogen and carbon.
1	Pure	pure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	substances	substance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	atom	atom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	13	case	_	_
12	as	as	ADP	IN	_	11	fixed	_	_
13	hydrogen	hydrogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | Pure substances and hydrogen and carbon *not said here* |  |  |  | of one kind of atom | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«The elements»: the weather, especially wind, rain and cold.

<!-- fold The tree, 9 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:m3:1
# text = «The elements»: the weather, especially wind, rain and cold.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The basic, simple first parts of a subject: «the elements of grammar».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:m4:1
# text = The basic, simple first parts of a subject: «the elements of grammar».
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	13	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	appos	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	grammar	grammar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Groups of people within a larger group: «rowdy elements in the crowd».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:m5:1
# text = Groups of people within a larger group: «rowdy elements in the crowd».
1	Groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
4	within	within	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	larger	large	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	7	amod	_	_
7	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	3	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	rowdy	rowdy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x1:1
# text = Hydrogen and oxygen are elements.
1	Hydrogen	hydrogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Hydrogen and oxygen | elements |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The elements of a good story include a hook and an ending.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x2:1
# text = The elements of a good story include a hook and an ending.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
7	include	include	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hook	hook	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	ending	ending	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **include** | present | the elements of a good story | a hook and a ending |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hook=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shed protected the bikes from the elements.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x3:1
# text = The shed protected the bikes from the elements.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shed	shed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	protected	protect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	bikes	bike	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | past | the shed | the bikes |  |  |  | from the elements | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent bike=Beneficiary from element=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned the basic elements of drawing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x4:1
# text = We learned the basic elements of drawing.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	basic	basic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	drawing	drawing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We | the basic elements of drawing |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent element=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The climbers were exposed to the elements all night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x5:1
# text = The climbers were exposed to the elements all night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	climbers	climber	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	exposed	expose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **expose** | past · passive |  | the climbers | the elements |  | night |  | vn reflexive\_appearance-48.1.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme to element=Recipient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) Police watched certain elements in the crowd.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x6:1
# text = (formal) Police watched certain elements in the crowd.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Police	Police	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	certain	certain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	crowd	crowd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past | formal Police | certain elements |  | the crowd |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent element=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are many elements of difference; but the plainest is plain enough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:elements:x7:1
# text = There are many elements of difference; but the plainest is plain enough.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	elements	element	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	difference	difference	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	plainest	plain	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	plain	plain	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
13	enough	enough	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | many elements of difference |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present | the plainest |  |  |  |  | enough, plain *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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