---
title: encircling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «encircling» in the school dictionary: Forming a circle around something; surrounding it on all sides. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# encircling

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**Who acts:** encircling mountains, children, Wolves, wall, moat, Clouds · **What happens:** form, surround, move, encircle, protect, make · **To what, where:** circle, something, sides, valley, ring, maypole

<!-- .vabout -->
«encircling» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [encircling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/encircling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Forming a circle around something; surrounding it on all sides.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:m1:1
# text = Forming a circle around something; surrounding it on all sides.
1	Forming	form	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	around	around	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	surrounding	surround	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obj	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	11	det	_	_
11	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **form** | gerund |  | a circle |  | something |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location circle=Theme |
| 2 | **surround** | gerund |  | circle |  | all sides |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme it=Co-Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Moving around something in a circle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:m2:1
# text = Moving around something in a circle.
1	Moving	move	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	around	around	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	1	obl	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	circle	circle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | gerund |  |  |  | something |  | in a circle | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme around something=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The encircling mountains protected the valley.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x1:1
# text = The encircling mountains protected the valley.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	protected	protect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	valley	valley	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encircle** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **protect** | past | the encircling mountains | the valley |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent valley=Beneficiary |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The children made a ring, encircling the maypole.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x2:1
# text = The children made a ring, encircling the maypole.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ring	ring	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	maypole	maypole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the children | a ring |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ring=Product |
| 2 | **encircle** | gerund | the children *not said here* | the maypole |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme maypole=Co-Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wolves were encircling the camp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x3:1
# text = Wolves were encircling the camp.
1	Wolves	wolf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	camp	camp	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encircle** | past · progressive | Wolves | the camp |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme camp=Co-Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A wall encircling the old town kept enemies out.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x4:1
# text = A wall encircling the old town kept enemies out.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	enemies	enemy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	_
9	out	out	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encircle** | gerund | a wall *not said here* | the old town |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme town=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **keep out** | past | a wall | enemies |  |  |  | out *property* | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent enemy=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The moat encircling the castle was full of water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x5:1
# text = The moat encircling the castle was full of water.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	moat	moat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encircle** | gerund | the moat *not said here* | the castle |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme castle=Co-Theme |
| 2 | **is** | past | the moat |  |  |  |  | of water; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Clouds were encircling the mountain top.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x6:1
# text = Clouds were encircling the mountain top.
1	Clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encircle** | past · progressive | Clouds | the mountain top |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme top=Co-Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They had bound themselves fast to each other, so that they looked like one large body on the slippery plains of ice encircling the deep abyss.

<!-- fold The tree, 26 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:encircling:x7:1
# text = They had bound themselves fast to each other, so that they looked like one large body on the slippery plains of ice encircling the deep abyss.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	bound	bind	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obj	_	_
5	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	3	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	3	obl	_	_
8	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	so	so	SCONJ	IN	ExtPos=SCONJ	13	mark	_	_
11	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
16	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
18	on	on	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	slippery	slippery	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	plains	plain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	_
24	encircling	encircle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	23	acl	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	abyss	abyss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bind** | past · perfect · passive |  | They |  |  |  | to each; fast *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **look** | past | they |  |  |  |  | like one large body; on the slippery plains of ice | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on plain=Theme |
| 3 | **encircle** | gerund | ice *not said here* | the deep abyss |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme abyss=Co-Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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