---
title: english — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «english» in the school dictionary: English is a language, the one you are reading now. It is spoken in many countries, like the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# english

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** English, you, She, He, English class, They · **What happens:** be, read, speak, mean, come, learn · **To what, where:** language, one, many countries, England, school subject, 3 English books · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«english» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [english in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/english.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English is a language, the one you are reading now. It is spoken in many countries, like the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* English is a language, the one you are reading now.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:m1:1
# text = English is a language, the one you are reading now.
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
8	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	reading	read	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	acl:relcl	_	_
11	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | English | a language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | present · progressive | you | the one *not said here* |  |  | now |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* It is spoken in many countries, like the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:m1:2
# text = It is spoken in many countries, like the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Ireland.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	UK	UK	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	flat	_	_
20	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | language |  | many countries like the USA and the UK and Canada and Australia and New Zealand and Ireland |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English means coming from England.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:m2:1
# text = English means coming from England.
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | English |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** *not said to happen* | gerund | English *not said here* |  |  | England |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from england=Initial\_Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English is a school subject where you learn to read and write well.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:m3:1
# text = English is a school subject where you learn to read and write well.
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	subject	subject	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	8	advmod	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	learn	learn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	_
13	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | English | a school subject |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **read** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **write** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has 3 English books.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x1:1
# text = She has 3 English books.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
4	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | 3 English books |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent book=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He scored 85 in English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x2:1
# text = He scored 85 in English.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	scored	score	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	85	85	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **score** | past | He | 85 |  | English |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 85=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The English class has 24 students.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x3:1
# text = The English class has 24 students.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	24	24	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the English class | 24 students |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent student=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
They study English for 45 minutes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x4:1
# text = They study English for 45 minutes.
1	They	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	45	45	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | They | English |  |  | minute |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English is spoken all over the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x5:1
# text = English is spoken all over the world.
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | English |  | the world |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We read a poem in English today.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x6:1
# text = We read a poem in English today.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	read	read	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	poem	poem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | past | We | a poem |  | English | today |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poem=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend is learning English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x7:1
# text = My friend is learning English.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present · progressive | My friend | English |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
London is the capital of England.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:english:x8:1
# text = London is the capital of England.
1	London	London	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | London | the capital |  |  |  | of England | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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