---
title: epidemic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «epidemic» in the school dictionary: A disease that spreads quickly to many people in one area at the same time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# epidemic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** disease, cholera epidemic, Washing, flu epidemic, Scientists, epidemic · **What happens:** spread, happen, hit, wash, help, stop · **To what, where:** something, city, hands, epidemic

<!-- .vabout -->
«epidemic» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [epidemic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/epidemic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A disease that spreads quickly to many people in one area at the same time.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:m1:1
# text = A disease that spreads quickly to many people in one area at the same time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	quickly	quickly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | a disease |  |  |  | time | to many people in one area; quickly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sudden fast spread of something bad, like bullying or a craze.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:m2:1
# text = A sudden fast spread of something bad, like bullying or a craze.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	sudden	sudden	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	spread	spread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	nmod	_	_
7	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	bullying	bullying	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	craze	craze	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** |  |  | something |  |  |  |  | nom spread «event transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: adjective — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Happening widely and fast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:m3:1
# text = Happening widely and fast.
1	Happening	happen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	widely	widely	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	fast	fast	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **happen** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | widely *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cholera epidemic hit the city long ago.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x1:1
# text = A cholera epidemic hit the city long ago.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	cholera	cholera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	hit	hit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	8	advmod	_	_
8	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hit** | past | a cholera epidemic | the city |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme city=Co-Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Washing hands helps stop an epidemic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x2:1
# text = Washing hands helps stop an epidemic.
1	Washing	wash	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	csubj	_	_
2	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wash** | gerund |  | hands |  |  |  |  | vn floss-41.2.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |
| 2 | **help** | present | Washing |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 3 | **stop** | infinitive | Washing *not said here* | a epidemic |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality epidemic=Eventuality |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a flu epidemic at school, and half the class was off.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x3:1
# text = There was a flu epidemic at school, and half the class was off.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	flu	flu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
10	half	half	DET	PDT	NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac|PronType=Ind	12	det:predet	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	off	off	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be off** | past | a flu epidemic at school |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists study how an epidemic spreads.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x4:1
# text = Scientists study how an epidemic spreads.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **spread** | present | a epidemic |  |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town faced an epidemic of bike thefts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x5:1
# text = The town faced an epidemic of bike thefts.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	faced	face	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	thefts	theft	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | past | the town | a epidemic of bike thefts |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme epidemic=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Vaccines helped end the epidemic.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidemic:x6:1
# text = Vaccines helped end the epidemic.
1	Vaccines	vaccine	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helped	help	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	end	end	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	epidemic	epidemic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | past | Vaccines |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **end** | infinitive | Vaccines *not said here* | the epidemic |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality epidemic=Eventuality |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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