---
title: epidermis — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «epidermis» in the school dictionary: The thin outer layer of the skin that you can see and touch; it protects the body from germs, water and sunlight. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# epidermis

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, thin outer layer, epidermis, Dead cells, Sunburn, We · **What happens:** see, touch, protect, be, flake off, damage · **To what, where:** skin, body, outer layer, epidermis, thin layer, blood vessels

<!-- .vabout -->
«epidermis» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [epidermis in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/epidermis.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The thin outer layer of the skin that you can see and touch; it protects the body from germs, water and sunlight.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:m1:1
# text = The thin outer layer of the skin that you can see and touch; it protects the body from germs, water and sunlight.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	obj	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
10	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
11	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	touch	touch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
15	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
24	sunlight	sunlight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | can | you | the skin |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer that=Stimulus |
| 2 | **touch** | infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **protect** | present | the thin outer layer of the skin | the body |  |  |  | from germs and water and sunlight | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent body=Beneficiary from germ=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: plants — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The outer layer of cells on a leaf, stem or root.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:m2:1
# text = The outer layer of cells on a leaf, stem or root.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	leaf	leaf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	stem	stem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	root	root	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The epidermis is the outer layer of your skin.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x1:1
# text = The epidermis is the outer layer of your skin.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	epidermis	epidermis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	outer	outer	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	skin	skin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the epidermis | the outer layer |  |  |  | of your skin | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dead cells from the epidermis flake off every day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x2:1
# text = Dead cells from the epidermis flake off every day.
1	Dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	epidermis	epidermi	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
6	flake	flake	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	off	off	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **flake off** | present | Dead cells from the epidermis |  |  |  | day |  | vn carve-21.2-1 «NP V ADVP-Middle»: agent=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sunburn damages the epidermis.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x3:1
# text = Sunburn damages the epidermis.
1	Sunburn	sunburn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	damages	damage	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	epidermis	epidermis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **damage** | present | Sunburn | the epidermis |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent epidermis=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We peeled a thin layer of onion epidermis to look at under the microscope.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x4:1
# text = We peeled a thin layer of onion epidermis to look at under the microscope.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	peeled	peel	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	onion	onion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	epidermis	epidermis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	under	under	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **peel** | past | We | a thin layer of onion epidermis |  |  |  |  | vn pit-10.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent layer=Source |
| 2 | **look** | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  |  |  | at the microscope | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at microscope=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The epidermis has no blood vessels, so a tiny scrape may not bleed.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x5:1
# text = The epidermis has no blood vessels, so a tiny scrape may not bleed.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	epidermis	epidermis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	6	det	_	_
5	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	vessels	vessel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	scrape	scrape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
12	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	bleed	bleed	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the epidermis | no blood vessels |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent vessel=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **bleed** | may | a tiny scrape |  |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Source |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A plant's epidermis is covered in a waxy layer.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:epidermis:x6:1
# text = A plant's epidermis is covered in a waxy layer.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	epidermis	epidermis	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	covered	cover	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	waxy	waxy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | present · passive |  | a plant's epidermis |  |  |  | in a waxy layer | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: subject=Destination in layer=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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