---
title: era — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «era» in the school dictionary: An era is a long period of history with special features or events, like the Victorian era. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# era

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** era, Mesozoic Era, Queen, Dinosaurs, internet, head teacher · **What happens:** be, live, mark, give, name, start · **To what, where:** long period, geology, period, name, Victorian era, Mesozoic Era

<!-- .vabout -->
«era» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [era in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/era.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An era is a long period of history with special features or events, like the Victorian era.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:m1:1
# text = An era is a long period of history with special features or events, like the Victorian era.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	special	special	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	events	event	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	Victorian	victorian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a era | a long period |  |  |  | of history; with special features or events and the Victorian era | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In geology, an era is a very long period of Earth's history, like the Mesozoic Era when dinosaurs lived.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:m2:1
# text = In geology, an era is a very long period of Earth's history, like the Mesozoic Era when dinosaurs lived.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	geology	geology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	very	very	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	's	's	PART	POS	_	12	case	_	_
14	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	Mesozoic	Mesozoic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Era	Era	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
20	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	22	advmod	_	_
21	dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	nsubj	_	_
22	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a era | a long period |  | geology |  | of Earth's history | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | the Mesozoic Era |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An era is any period marked by something new, as in «the era of smartphones».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:m3:1
# text = An era is any period marked by something new, as in «the era of smartphones».
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	5	det	_	_
5	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	marked	mark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obl:agent	_	_
9	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	smartphones	smartphone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a era | any period |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mark** | participle |  | any period *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Queen Victoria gave her name to the Victorian era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x1:1
# text = Queen Victoria gave her name to the Victorian era.
1	Queen	Queen	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Victoria	Victoria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Victorian	victorian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Queen | Queen's name | the Victorian era |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent name=Theme to era=Recipient |
| 2 | **name** |  | Queen |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic Era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x2:1
# text = Dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic Era.
1	Dinosaurs	dinosaur	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Mesozoic	Mesozoic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Era	Era	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | Dinosaurs |  |  | the Mesozoic Era |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in era=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The internet started a new era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x3:1
# text = The internet started a new era.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	internet	internet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	started	start	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | past | the internet | a new era |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent era=Eventuality |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When our head teacher retired, it was the end of an era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x4:1
# text = When our head teacher retired, it was the end of an era.
1	When	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	5	advmod	_	_
2	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
3	head	head	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	retired	retire	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
8	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	parataxis	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **retire** | past | our head teacher |  |  |  |  |  | vn resign-10.11-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | past | teacher | the end |  |  |  | of a era | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Steam trains were common in that era.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x5:1
# text = Steam trains were common in that era.
1	Steam	steam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	trains	train	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	common	common	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	7	det	_	_
7	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Steam trains |  |  | that era |  | common *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A new era seemed to have arisen in the poor studio.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:era:x6:1
# text = A new era seemed to have arisen in the poor studio.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	seemed	seem	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux	_	_
7	arisen	arise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	xcomp	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	studio	studio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seem** | past | a new era |  |  |  |  |  | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme clause=Attribute |
| 2 | **arise** | to-infinitive · perfect | a new era *not said here* |  |  | the poor studio |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in studio=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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