---
title: esperanto — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «esperanto» in the school dictionary: Esperanto is a language invented more than a hundred years ago by L. L. Zamenhof, a doctor from Poland, so that people from different countries could talk easily in one simple shared language. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# esperanto

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Esperanto, people, different countries, saluton, uncle, noun · **What happens:** be, invent, talk, share, help, understand · **To what, where:** language, one simple shared language, Esperanto, people, each, friends · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«esperanto» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [esperanto in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/esperanto.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Esperanto is a language invented more than a hundred years ago by L. L. Zamenhof, a doctor from Poland, so that people from different countries could talk easily in one simple shared language.

<!-- fold The tree, 33 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:m1:1
# text = Esperanto is a language invented more than a hundred years ago by L. L. Zamenhof, a doctor from Poland, so that people from different countries could talk easily in one simple shared language.
1	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	invented	invent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp|ExtPos=ADV	9	advmod	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	hundred	hundred	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	L.	L.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	L.	L.	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl:agent	_	_
15	Zamenhof	Zamenhof	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	doctor	doctor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	_
19	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Poland	Poland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
22	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
23	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	29	mark	_	_
24	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nsubj	_	_
25	from	from	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	24	nmod	_	_
28	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	29	aux	_	_
29	talk	talk	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
30	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	29	advmod	_	_
31	in	in	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
32	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	35	nummod	_	_
33	simple	simple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	35	amod	_	_
34	shared	share	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	35	amod	_	_
35	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Esperanto | a language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **invent** | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  |  |  | ago *property* | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **talk** | could | people from different countries |  |  | one simple shared language |  | easily *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **share** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Esperanto was invented to help people from different countries understand each other.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x1:1
# text = Esperanto was invented to help people from different countries understand each other.
1	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	invented	invent	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
8	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	understand	understand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
11	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	10	obj	_	_
12	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **invent** | past · passive |  | Esperanto |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Result |
| 2 | **help** | to-infinitive |  |  | people |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Beneficiary |
| 3 | **understand** | present | different countries | each |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer each=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Esperanto, «saluton» means hello.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x2:1
# text = In Esperanto, «saluton» means hello.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	saluton	saluton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	hello	hello	INTJ	UH	_	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | saluton |  |  |  |  | in Esperanto | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot hello=Theme in esperanto=Attribute |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My uncle learned Esperanto and wrote to friends in Japan.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x3:1
# text = My uncle learned Esperanto and wrote to friends in Japan.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	uncle	uncle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	friends	friend	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Japan	Japan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | My uncle | Esperanto |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent esperanto=Topic |
| 2 | **write** | past | My uncle *not said here* |  | friends in Japan |  |  |  | vn lecture-37.11-1 «NP V PP.recipient PP.topic»: agent=Agent to friend=Recipient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every noun in Esperanto ends in -o.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x4:1
# text = Every noun in Esperanto ends in -o.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	noun	noun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	o	o	NOUN	NN	_	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | present | every noun in Esperanto |  |  | o |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Esperanto is easier to learn than many natural languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x5:1
# text = Esperanto is easier to learn than many natural languages.
1	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	easier	easy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	csubj	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Esperanto |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | than many natural languages | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There are Esperanto meetings in many big cities.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x6:1
# text = There are Esperanto meetings in many big cities.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	are	be	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	meetings	meeting	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	big	big	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cities	city	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **does** | present | Esperanto meetings in many big cities |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The inventor of Esperanto hoped it would bring peace.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:esperanto:x7:1
# text = The inventor of Esperanto hoped it would bring peace.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	inventor	inventor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Esperanto	Esperanto	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	hoped	hope	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
7	would	would	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	bring	bring	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	ccomp	_	_
9	peace	peace	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hope** | past | the inventor of Esperanto |  |  |  |  |  | vn long-32.2 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 2 | **bring** | would | inventor | peace |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent peace=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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