---
title: espresso — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «espresso» in the school dictionary: Espresso is a strong, dark coffee made by forcing very hot water through finely ground coffee beans. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# espresso

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Espresso, Dad, café, cappuccino, lot, Mum · **What happens:** be, make, force, order, have, come · **To what, where:** strong dark coffee, hot water, finely coffee beans, one small cup, espresso, shiny new espresso machine · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«espresso» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [espresso in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/espresso.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Espresso is a strong, dark coffee made by forcing very hot water through finely ground coffee beans.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:m1:1
# text = Espresso is a strong, dark coffee made by forcing very hot water through finely ground coffee beans.
1	Espresso	Espresso	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	dark	dark	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
10	forcing	force	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	advcl	_	_
11	very	very	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
12	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
14	through	through	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
15	finely	finely	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
16	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	beans	bean	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Espresso | a strong dark coffee |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a strong dark coffee *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 3 | **force** | gerund |  | hot water |  | finely coffee beans |  |  | vn urge-58.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent water=Recipient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An espresso is one small cup of this coffee.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:m2:1
# text = An espresso is one small cup of this coffee.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	9	det	_	_
9	coffee	coffee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a espresso | one small cup |  |  |  | of this coffee | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad orders an espresso after lunch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x1:1
# text = Dad orders an espresso after lunch.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	orders	order	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	lunch	lunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **order** | present | Dad | a espresso |  |  | after lunch |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent espresso=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The café has a shiny new espresso machine.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x2:1
# text = The café has a shiny new espresso machine.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	café	café	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the café | a shiny new espresso machine |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent machine=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cappuccino is espresso with frothy milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x3:1
# text = A cappuccino is espresso with frothy milk.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cappuccino	cappuccino	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	frothy	frothy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a cappuccino | espresso |  |  |  | with frothy milk | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An espresso comes in a very small cup.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x4:1
# text = An espresso comes in a very small cup.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | a espresso |  |  | a small cup |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cup=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Espresso has a lot of caffeine, so it's not for kids.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x5:1
# text = Espresso has a lot of caffeine, so it's not for kids.
1	Espresso	Espresso	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	caffeine	caffeine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	so	so	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	13	advmod	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	kids	kid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Espresso | a lot of caffeine |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Patient |
| 2 | **not** **is** | present | lot |  |  |  |  | for kids | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum asked for a double espresso to wake up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:espresso:x6:1
# text = Mum asked for a double espresso to wake up.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	double	double	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	espresso	espresso	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	wake	wake	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
9	up	up	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | Mum |  |  |  |  | for a double espresso | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **wake up** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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