---
title: etna — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «etna» in the school dictionary: Etna, or Mount Etna, is a large, active volcano on the island of Sicily in southern Italy; it is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# etna

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Etna, island, Mount, Farmers, We, Ash · **What happens:** be, erupt, send, grow, soil, watch · **To what, where:** large active volcano, island, highest active volcano, Europe, lava, grapes

<!-- .vabout -->
«etna» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [etna in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/etna.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etna, or Mount Etna, is a large, active volcano on the island of Sicily in southern Italy; it is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:m1:1
# text = Etna, or Mount Etna, is a large, active volcano on the island of Sicily in southern Italy; it is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus.
1	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	Mount	Mount	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
9	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
11	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
13	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Sicily	Sicily	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	southern	southern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	27	punct	_	_
22	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	27	nsubj	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
25	highest	high	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	27	amod	_	_
26	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	amod	_	_
27	volcano	volcano	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	_
28	in	in	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	_
30	outside	outside	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	Caucasus	Caucasus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Etna or Mount Etna | a large active volcano |  | the island of Sicily in southern Italy |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | island | the highest active volcano |  | Europe |  | outside the Caucasus | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mount Etna is on the island of Sicily.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x1:1
# text = Mount Etna is on the island of Sicily.
1	Mount	Mount	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	island	island	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Sicily	Sicily	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Mount |  |  | the island |  | of Sicily | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etna erupts quite often, sending lava down its sides.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x2:1
# text = Etna erupts quite often, sending lava down its sides.
1	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	erupts	erupt	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	quite	quite	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	often	often	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	sending	send	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	lava	lava	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **erupt** | present | Etna |  |  |  |  | often *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **send** | gerund | Etna *not said here* | lava |  |  |  | down lava's sides | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lava=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farmers grow grapes and oranges on Etna's rich soil.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x3:1
# text = Farmers grow grapes and oranges on Etna's rich soil.
1	Farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	grow	grow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	grapes	grape	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	oranges	orange	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	soil	soil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **grow** | present | Farmers | grapes and oranges |  | Etna's rich soil |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location grape=Theme |
| 2 | **soil** |  | Etna |  |  |  |  |  | nom soil «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We watched a video of Etna glowing at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x4:1
# text = We watched a video of Etna glowing at night.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	video	video	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **watch** | past | We | a video of Etna |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent video=Theme |
| 2 | **glow** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x5:1
# text = Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.
1	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	7	advmod	_	_
7	active	active	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	volcanoes	volcano	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nmod	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Etna | one |  |  |  | of the active volcanoes in the world | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ash from Etna closed the airport for a day.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x6:1
# text = Ash from Etna closed the airport for a day.
1	Ash	ash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	closed	close	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	airport	airport	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **close** | past | Ash from Etna | the airport |  |  | day |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent airport=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but the pure and virtuous were permitted to enter.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etna:x7:1
# text = There was a temple on Mount Etna erected in his honour, which none but the pure and virtuous were permitted to enter.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	temple	temple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	on	on	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	Mount	Mount	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
7	Etna	Etna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	flat	_	_
8	erected	erect	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	honour	honour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
13	which	which	DET	WDT	PronType=Int	14	det	_	_
14	none	none	PRON	NN	PronType=Neg	11	conj	_	_
15	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	pure	pure	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	nsubj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	virtuous	virtuous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	conj	_	_
20	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	aux:pass	_	_
21	permitted	permit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
22	to	to	PART	TO	_	23	mark	_	_
23	enter	enter	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a temple |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **erect** | past | Mount |  |  | Mount's honour |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **permit** | past · passive |  | the pure |  |  |  |  | vn allow-64.1-1 «NP V NP S»: subject=Beneficiary clause=Eventuality |
| 4 | **enter** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **honour** |  | Mount |  |  |  |  |  | nom honour «state transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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