---
title: etruscan — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «etruscan» in the school dictionary: The Etruscans were an ancient people who lived in central Italy, in an area called Etruria (roughly modern Tuscany), before and during the early days of Rome. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# etruscan

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Etruscans, ancient people, Etruscan, language, Romans, We · **What happens:** be, live, call, mean, belong, use · **To what, where:** ancient people, central Italy, area, name, alphabet, Italy · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«etruscan» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [etruscan in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/etruscan.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Etruscans were an ancient people who lived in central Italy, in an area called Etruria (roughly modern Tuscany), before and during the early days of Rome.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:m1:1
# text = The Etruscans were an ancient people who lived in central Italy, in an area called Etruria (roughly modern Tuscany), before and during the early days of Rome.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Etruscans	Etruscan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	central	central	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
16	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	Etruria	Etruria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	xcomp	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	roughly	roughly	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	Tuscany	Tuscany	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
24	before	before	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
25	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
26	during	during	ADP	IN	_	24	conj	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
28	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	29	amod	_	_
29	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Etruscans | a ancient people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | past | a ancient people |  |  | central Italy | day | in a area | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in italy=Location |
| 3 | **call** | participle |  | a area *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etruscan means belonging to these people, their art or their language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:m2:1
# text = Etruscan means belonging to these people, their art or their language.
1	Etruscan	etruscan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	6	det	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	art	art	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Etruscan |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **belong** *not said to happen* | gerund | Etruscan *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to this people  people's art or art's language | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etruscan is also the name of their language, which used an alphabet like the Greek one and is still only partly understood.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:m3:1
# text = Etruscan is also the name of their language, which used an alphabet like the Greek one and is still only partly understood.
1	Etruscan	etruscan	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
12	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Greek	Greek	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	cop	_	_
20	still	still	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
21	only	only	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
22	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	understood	understand	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Etruscan | the name |  |  |  | of their language | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | past | their language | a alphabet |  |  |  | like the Greek one | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent alphabet=Patient |
| 3 | **is** | present | their language *not said here* |  |  |  | still | partly, understand *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Etruscans lived in Italy before the Romans became powerful.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x1:1
# text = The Etruscans lived in Italy before the Romans became powerful.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Etruscans	Etruscan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lived	live	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Italy	Italy	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
9	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
10	powerful	powerful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | past | the Etruscans |  |  | Italy |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in italy=Location |
| 2 | **become** | past | the Romans |  |  |  |  | powerful *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We saw an Etruscan vase in the museum.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x2:1
# text = We saw an Etruscan vase in the museum.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	Etruscan	etruscan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	vase	vase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | We | a Etruscan vase |  | the museum |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer vase=Stimulus |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some early kings of Rome were Etruscans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x3:1
# text = Some early kings of Rome were Etruscans.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
2	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	kings	king	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
6	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	Etruscans	Etruscan	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | some early kings of Rome | Etruscans |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Etruscan tombs are painted with scenes of feasts and music.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x4:1
# text = Etruscan tombs are painted with scenes of feasts and music.
1	Etruscan	etruscan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	tombs	tomb	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	painted	paint	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	scenes	scene	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	feasts	feast	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	music	music	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | present · passive |  | Etruscan tombs |  |  |  | with scenes of feasts and music | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination PP.theme»: subject=Destination with scene=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Experts can read Etruscan letters but understand only some of the words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x5:1
# text = Experts can read Etruscan letters but understand only some of the words.
1	Experts	expert	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	read	read	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	Etruscan	etruscan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	understand	understand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	only	only	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | can | Experts | Etruscan letters |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent letter=Topic |
| 2 | **understand** | present | Experts *not said here* | some |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer some=Stimulus |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Romans learnt a lot from Etruscan builders.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:etruscan:x6:1
# text = The Romans learnt a lot from Etruscan builders.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Romans	Roman	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learnt	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Etruscan	Etruscan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	builders	builder	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | the Romans | a lot |  | Etruscan builders |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent lot=Topic from builder=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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